Vapor-dominated geothermal systems are proposed to originate by downward extension (by the "heat pipe" mechanism) into hot dry fractured rock above a large cooling igneous intrusion. High temperature zones found by drilling are shallow parts of the original hot dry rock where the penetration of the vapor reservoir was limited, and hot dry rock may extend under much of these reservoirs. An earli...

Higher temperatures increase the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere and can lead to greater atmospheric demand for evapotranspiration, especially during warmer seasons of the year. Increases in precipitation or atmospheric humidity ameliorate this enhanced demand, whereas decreases exacerbate it. In the southwestern United States (Southwest), this means the greatest changes in evapotra...

One must presume that Schoener derived two more crases in the same way: 'dry' with 'hot' and 'cold' balanced, and 'moist' with 'hot' and 'cold' balanced. In his opinion the yield was then eight combined crases, plus four simple crases and the eucrasic state in which 'hot' and 'cold', and 'warm' and 'moist' were equally balanced. But it should be obvious that in the simple crasis 'hot' (where 'h...

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In order to investigate the mechanism of adaptation to long-term heat stress, six female buffalo calves of about 7 to 8 months age, were exposed to the cool-comfort environment (THI 65) for 21 days to obtain normal values of blood acid-base. An adaptive response of acid-base regulation was determined to long term (21 days) exposure of buffalo calves to hot-dry (THI 80) and hothumid (THI 84) con...

The impacts of hot, dry, and compound hot-dry extremes are significant for societies, economies, ecosystems worldwide. Such events therefore need to be assessed in the light anthropogenic climate change so that suitable adaptation measures can implemented by governments stakeholders. Here we show a comprehensive analysis over global land regions using 25 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Ph...

Abstract. Coastal wetlands are essential for regulating the global carbon budget through soil sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG – CO2, CH4, N2O) fluxes. The conversion of coastal to agricultural land alters these fluxes' magnitude direction (uptake/release). However, extent drivers change GHG fluxes still unknown many tropical regions. We measured from three natural mangroves, salt marsh, f...