By doing any task repeatedly, individuals can usually improve continuously due to the experience gained (called autonomous first-order learning). In addition, they can improve due to the injection of software development technology by the organization (called second-order learning). Organizations have studied such learning curves to make decisions regarding cost estimation and budgeting, produc...

This paper deals with the optimization of reinforced concrete (RC) structures under earthquake loads by introducing a simple methodology. One of the most important problems in the design of RC structures is the existing of various design scenarios that all of them satisfy design constraints. Despite of the steel structures, a large number of design candidates due to a large number of design var...

configuration of urban land use arrangement system, how to divide and how to use urban lands are advantages of environmental, economic, social, politic and rightly forces. with extension of urbanization and development of urban and regional planning, this concept is more widely hold a special place in the form of projects such as: land preparation, framework planning, general and comprehensive,...

This paper reports the results from an action research project which studies the benefits of documenting the evolution and the rationale for the evolution of a requirements specification. Earlier research into the use of ad hoc design explanation, in which design decisions were documented using the IBIS notation (Issue Based Information System) as they were made, found both benefits and weaknes...

Designing a gamified solution to a difficult business problem requires informed application of game design patterns, with an understanding of the unique corporate environment. We present a framework that can be applied in other gamified endeavors. Our approach includes a systems-oriented process describing environmental conditions affecting intrinsic motivation and game design patterns. Objecti...