In this study, we examine the consistency of a gravity-based predictive theory for hydraulic jump, given by Kurihara [ Proceedings Report Research Institute Fluid Engineering (Kyusyu Imperial University, 1946), Vol. 3, pp. 11–33]; Tani [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 4, 212–215 (1949)] with phenomenological condition at jump Rayleigh [Proc. R. London, Ser. A 90, 324–328 (1914)]; and Watson Mech. 20, 481–49...

The scaling theory approach has been widely used as an effective method to describe the variation of soil hydraulic properties. In conventional scaling, reference retention curves and scaling factors are determined from minimization of residuals. Most previous studies have shown that scaling factors are lognormally distributed. In this study, we derived physically based scaling factors, assumin...

In China, for the limitation of land, many buildings intending to utilize ground source heat pump systems install “single-well” systems, which drill only one well for both the pumping and reinjection of the groundwater. A model of groundwater seepage and heat transfer for single-well ground source heat pump systems has been established and validated against the experiment conducted in Denmark. ...

1. A small number of species-rich plant genera make a substantial contribution to the a diversity of tropical forests. These ‘species swarms’ (Gentry 1982) challenge a view of community assembly that maintains that niche overlap, and hence, the likelihood of competitive exclusion should increase with phylogenetic affinity. Related species may, however, occupy different microhabitats within a fo...

A range of continental-scale soil datasets exists in Europe with different spatial representation and based on different principles. We developed comprehensive pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for applications principally on spatial datasets with continental coverage. The PTF development included the prediction of soil water retention at various matric potentials and prediction of parameters to ch...

An infinite elastic medium with a planar crack is considered. The crack is subjected to the pressure of fluid injected at a point on the crack surface. Description of the crack growth is based on the lubrication equation (balance of the injected fluid and the crack volume), the equation for crack opening caused by fluid pressure on the crack surface, the Poiseuille equation related local fluid ...

Traditional models to describe hydraulic properties in soils are constrained by the assumption of cylindrical capillarity to account for the geometry of the pore space. This study was conducted to develop a new methodology to directly measure the porosity and its microscopic haracteristics. The methodology is based on the analysis of binary images collected with a backscattered electron detecto...

Tillage operations disrupt surface layers of agricultural soils, creating a loosened structure with a substantial proportion of interaggregate porosity that enhances liquid and gaseous exchange properties favorable for plant growth. Unfortunately, such desirable soil tilth is structurally unstable and is susceptible to change by subsequent wetting and drying processes and other mechanical stres...

This paper develops a closed-form approximate solution for a penny-shaped hydraulic fracture whose behaviour is determined by an interplay of three competing physical processes that are associated with fluid viscosity, fracture toughness and fluid leak-off. The primary assumption that permits one to construct the solution is that the fracture behaviour is mainly determined by the three-process ...