One of the base concepts of object-oriented programming is that of " method ". In languages supporting inheritance, this concept is realized by three different actions: (i) the introduction of a new method; (ii) the implementation/override of an existing method; (iii) the method call. The bindings between (ii) and (i), and between (iii) and (i) are typically based on method names, which are not...

It is known that the essential ingredients of a Lisp-style unhygienic macro system can be expressed in terms of advanced hygienic macro systems. We show that the reverse is also true: We present a model of a core unhygienic macro system, on top of which a hygiene-compatible macro system can be built, without changing the internals of the core macro system and without using a code walker. To ach...

4 ABSTRACT: Anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) 5 is promoted as an energy source and more recently as a GHG mitigation measure. In this context, AD 6 systems operating at thermophilic temperatures (55-60C) – compared to mesophilic temperatures 7 (35-40C) – have the unique feature of producing hygienic soil conditioners with greater process 8 effici...

Honey bees, Apis mellifera, which perform hygienic behavior, quickly detect, uncap and remove diseased brood from the nest. This behavior, performed by bees 15-20 days old and prior to foraging, is likely mediated by olfactory cues. Because the neuromodulator octopamine (OA) plays a pivotal role in olfactory-based behaviors of honey bees, we examined whether bees bred for hygienic and nonhygien...

BACKGROUND This study aims to assess the frequency of some hygienic behaviors that is, tooth brushing and hand-washing, in Iranian school students at national level. METHODS This nationwide study was conducted in 2011-2012 among 14,880 elementary, secondary and high school students who were selected by random cluster stratified multistage sampling from 30 provinces in Iran. We used the global...

in this study, residual amount of pentachlorophenol (pcp) as the most important paper preservative, which is extremely hazardous pollutant, was determined in some tissue papers and napkins. twenty-five samples of two producing hygienic paper factories prepared from virgin and secondary pulp were analyzed for the presence of trace amount of pcp. the analytical procedure involved direct extractio...

The effect of community hygienic measures during the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong was studied by comparing the proportion of positive specimens of various respiratory viruses in 2003 with those from 1998 to 2002. Community hygienic measures significantly reduced the incidence of various respiratory viral infections.

MzScheme’s continuation marks provide a flexible mechanism for implementing a number of useful language features and tools. We demonstrate the simplicity and utility of continuation marks by adapting them for JavaScript as frame-based stack marks using the Rhino implementation, showing a simple model of their behavior, and using them to build a toy debugger. Along the way, we discover a few int...

BACKGROUND Sustained civil and military conflict, resulting in large numbers of internally displaced persons (IDP), in combination with rapid urbanization has strained public health and sanitation within cities in Afghanistan. In order to examine the association between preventive sanitary behaviors and diarrhea within two high risk settings located within Kabul, Afghanistan, this study aimed t...