Fungi of the genus Fusarium infect cereal crops during the growing season and cause head blight and other diseases. Their toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) contaminate grains. Several dozen toxic compounds produced by fungal pathogens have been identified to date. Type B trichothecenes-deoxynivalenol, its acetyl derivatives and nivalenol (produced mainly by F. graminearum and F. culmorum...

Brown spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae is an important rice disease in Southern coast of Caspian Sea, the major rice growing region in Iran. A total of 45 Trichoderma isolates were obtained from rice paddy fields in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces which belonged to Trichoderma harzianum, T. virens and T. atroviride species. Initially, they were screened against B. oryzae by antagonism tests in...

This study investigated the interactions of the pupal fruit ßy parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri, with each of four eggor larval-pupal fruit ßy parasitoids: Fopius arisanus (Sonan), Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), Diachasmimorpha kraussii Fullaway, and Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) in Hawaii. F. arisanus attacks host eggs, whereas the other three attack host larvae; all four pa...

The parasitoid assemblage associated with a lepidopteran leafminer, Coptotriche japoniella (Tischeriidae), on an evergreen tree, Eurya japonica (Theaceae), was studied in the center of Japan to explore parasitoid coexistence mechanisms. The leafminer supported 12 parasitoid species. Eight abundant or common species were classiÞed into Þve guilds according to their koinobiont/ idiobiont mode and...

Sheath blight, causes by Rhizoctonia spp., threaten maize yield every year throughout the world. Trichoderma could degrade Rhizoctonia solani on maize mainly via competition and hyperparasitism, whereas validamycin A could efficiently inhibit the growth of R. solani via disturbing the energy system. By contrast, validamycin A is efficient but it takes effect in a short period, while Trichoderma...

Understanding how resource diversification affects ecological interactions, food web structure and ecosystem functioning is essential in both fundamental applied ecology. While plant strategies (either in-field or around-field) are often proposed agricultural landscapes as practices to improve the biological control of herbivores by natural enemies, results remain variable unsure. Here, we stud...

Plant diseases accounts for huge losses in agriculture. To ensure food security and sustainability, an agricultural yield must be improved to meet the growing world population. Due awareness of effect pesticides herbicides on human health environment, alternative safe method controlling phytopathogens has become a subject intense research. Biological control plant is use living organisms suppre...

Thresholds occur, and play an important role, in the dynamics of many biological communities. In this paper, we model a persistence type threshold which has been shown experimentally to exist in hyperparasitised flukes in the cockle, a shellfish. Our model consists of a periodically driven slow-fast host-parasite system of equations for a slow flukes population (host) and a fast Unikaryon hyper...

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