An inter-governmental body is encouraging the replacement of currency with the objective of discouraging illegal economic activities. This policy is analyzed in a searchtheoretic model where individuals choose legal or illegal production, settle trades via monetary or costly intermediated exchange, and where the government imperfectly monitors monetary transactions. Stationary monetary equilibr...

BACKGROUND The use of mHealth methods for capturing illicit drug use and associated behaviors have become more widely used in research settings, yet there is little research as to how valid these methods are compared to known measures of capturing and quantifying drug use. OBJECTIVE We examined the concordance of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of drug use to previously validated biolog...

OBJECTIVE To identify emergency department patients who are ready to change their illicit drug use behavior. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 198 Emergency Department patients at least 18 years old, seeking emergency department services, using at least one illicit drug, and scoring positive for alcohol problem based on CAGE score ≥ 1. RESULTS Of the patients, 46% were "not ready" to chang...

The means by which the U.S. justice system attempts to control illegal hacking are practiced under the assumption that hacking is like any other illegal crime. This chapter evaluates this assumption by comparing illegal hacking to shoplifting. Three inhibitors of two illegal behaviors are examined: informal sanction, punishment severity, and punishment certainty. A survey of 136 undergraduate s...

Economic models of trade in endangered species products often do not incorporate four focal arguments in the policy debate over trade bans: 1) Law-abiding consumers may operate in another market, separate from illegal consumers, that trade would bring online. 2) Legal trade reduces stigma, which affects demand of law-abiding consumers. 3) Laundering may bring illegal goods to legal markets when...

Illegal entrepreneurship in the rural is under researched and scrutinised, yet it occupies a distinctive space in entrepreneurship practice in terms of how it is construed and how it is enacted. This is a theoretical paper which provides a conceptual framework for defining ‘ideal types’ of illegal rural enterprise activity in order to better frame the phenomenon. Four types of enterprise activi...

A substantial proportion of pathological gamblers engage in gambling-related illegal behavior. We examined differences in baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes in two groups: pathological gamblers who did and did not commit gambling-related illegal acts in the year before treatment. Participants were 231 pathological gamblers enrolled in a randomized study of treatment that included c...