Proteins can exist as multiple proteoforms in vivo, as a result of alternative splicing and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as posttranslational processing. To address their clinical significance in a context of diagnostic information, proteoforms require a more in-depth analysis. Mass spectrometric immunoassays (MSIA) have been devised for studying structural diversity in human...

Nanoparticle coated microspheres are composed of two or more materials with a core/shell structure and exhibit unique abilities that allow amplification of trace targets in immunoassays. The preparation of nanoparticle coated microspheres can be accomplished using three main strategies: (1) in-situ, (2) ex-situ, and (3) hollow sphere methods. Antibodies or biomolecules can be immobilized on the...

Tumor markers are substances, usually proteins, produced by the body in response to cancer growth, or by the cancer tissue itself. They can be detected in blood, urine, or tissue samples, and the discovery and detection of tumor markers may provide earlier diagnosis of cancer and improved therapeutic intervention. Colorimetric immunoassays for tumor marker detection have attracted considerable ...

Immunoassays have evolved for a broad range of applications since the pioneering work of Yalow and Berson who developed the first competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human insulin in 1959. Immunoassay detection of specific antigens and host-produced antibodies directed against such antigens consitutes one of the most widely used and successful methods for diagnosing infectious diseases (IDs)...

Autoantibodies to cellular constituents are the serological hallmark in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (1). They are often associated with certain diagnosis, clinical features, or disease activity and considered as clinically useful biomarkers. Autoantibody immunoassays have been used extensively for over 50 years with continuous changes in technologies and antigens used. While standard...

We introduce an automated digital microfluidic platform capable of performing immunoassays from sample-toanalysis with minimal manual intervention. This platform features a 90 Pogo pin interface, an integrated photomultiplier tube, and an adjustable magnet. The new platform was used to implement a design of experiments optimization for immunoassays, resulting in an optimized protocol that reduc...

Here, we report the novel application of a material with self-concentrating properties for enhancing the sensitivity of immunoassays. Termed as glass microbubbles, they are antibody functionalized buoyant hollow glass microspheres that simultaneously float and concentrate into a dense monolayer when dispensed in a liquid droplet. This self-concentrating charactaristic of the microbubbles allow ...

Immunoassays are now commonly used for hormone measurement, in high throughput analytical platforms. Immunoassays are generally robust to interference. However, endogenous analytical error may occur in some patients; this may be encountered in biotin supplementation or in the presence of anti-streptavidin antibody, in immunoassays involving streptavidin-biotin interaction. In these cases, the i...