Most subunit vaccines require adjuvants in order to induce protective immune responses to the targeted pathogen. However, many of the potent immunogenic adjuvants display unacceptable local or systemic reactogenicity. Liposomes are spherical vesicles consisting of single (unilamellar) or multiple (multilamellar) phospholipid bi-layers. The lipid membranes are interleaved with an aqueous buffer,...

Inflammatory cytokines and microbe-borne immunostimulators have emerged as triggers of depressive behavior. Behavioral alterations affect patients chronically infected by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. We have previously shown that C3H/He mice present acute phase-restricted meningoencephalitis with persistent central nervous system (CNS) parasitism, whereas C57BL/6 mice are resistant to T. cru...

Pandemi covid-19 menyebabkan krisis utama kesehatan masyarakat. Kondisi lansia yang renta dan biasanya memiliki imunitas tubuh lemah dapat berakibat fatal apabila terpapar virus covid-19. Salah satu upaya dilakukan agar tercegah dari paparan yaitu dengan perlindungan dalam sistem kuat. Peningkatan pada mengonsumsi bahan makanan senyawa antioksidan tinggi, di antaranya adalah alga Halimeda sp Sa...

In continuing search for compounds with immunomodulatory activity, plant Aralia cachemirica has been found to contain continentalic acid (CA). Isolation of this pharmacologically significant diterpinic acid from Aralia cachemirica is novel. Chemical structure of this compound was identified by spectral analysis as (-)-pimara-8(14), 15-dien-19-oic acid, which has been isolated from A. cordata an...

Antibody titers against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sera from mice were markedly elevated by pre-injection of Lactobacillus casei. The number of plaque-forming cells against sheep red blood cells ( SRBC) in the spleen of mice pretreated with L. casei was highter than those in the controls. L. casei also enhanced the delayed type hypersensitivity response against SRBC in mice. Therefore, it was re...

Neutrophil oxidative burst/degranulation activities were measured using CpG in vitro stimulation. Neutrophils isolated from pigs 6 weeks of age were incubated with treatment for 1 hr at 39°C. Neutrophils had increased degranulation activity when treated with CpG when compared to the activity of cells treated with non CpG. Neutrophils treated with CpG exhibited an increase in oxidative burst. Cp...