OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of prescription compounding by community pharmacists, identify factors that influence pharmacists' decisions to provide compounding services, and evaluate physicians' perspectives on prescribing medications that require compounding. METHODS The study was a cross-sectional survey administered via face-to-face structured intervie...

IMPORTANCE Many health care facilities compound medications on site to fulfill local demands when customized formulations are needed, national supply is critically low, or costs for manufactured pharmaceuticals are excessive. Small, institutional compounding facilities may perform the same high-risk procedures as large distributors of compounded medications. OBJECTIVES To investigate an outbrea...

The spectrum of therapeutic need in veterinary medicine is large, and the availability of approved drug products for all veterinary species and indications is relatively small. For this reason, extemporaneous preparation, or compounding, of drugs is commonly employed to provide veterinary medical therapies. The scope of veterinary compounding is broad and focused primarily on meeting the therap...

IMPORTANCE Bevacizumab acquired from compounding pharmacies for intravitreal injection may cause infectious and noninfectious inflammation. In addition to safety issues, the drug itself may have variable efficacy associated with product aliquoting, handling, and distribution. OBJECTIVE To conduct surveillance cultures, evaluate endotoxin levels, and assess protein concentrations of bevacizuma...

Photoacoustic (PA) images utilize pulsed lasers and ultrasound transducers to visualize targets with higher optical absorption than the surrounding medium. However, they are susceptible to acoustic clutter and background noise artifacts that obfuscate biomedical structures of interest. We investigated three spatial-angular compounding methods to improve PA image quality for biomedical applicati...

Climate change’s burden of disease seems orders of magnitude too low to justify claims that it is this century’s greatest threat to health. However, such claims can be more easily understood by considering how climate change acts as a risk multiplier, compounding pre-existing socially and politically-mediated drivers of adverse health consequences including conflict. Is Climate Change the Bigge...

Abstract. Generalizing lifetime distributions is always precious for applied statisticians. In this paper, we introduce a new family of distributions by compounding the Burr XII and power series distributions. The compounding procedure follows the key idea by Adamidis and Loukas (1998) or, more generally, by Chahkandi and Ganjali (2009) and Morais and BarretoSouza (2011). The proposed family in...

In this paper we introduce the class of composite access structures for secret sharing. We also provide secret sharing schemes realizing these structures and study their information rates. As a particular case of this construction, we present the subclass of iterated threshold schemes, a large class of ideal secret sharing schemes.