Reconciling the aims of feeding an ever more demanding human population and conserving biodiversity is a difficult challenge. Here, we explore potential solutions by assessing whether land sparing (farming for high yield, potentially enabling the protection of non-farmland habitat), land sharing (lower yielding farming with more biodiversity within farmland) or a mixed strategy would result in ...

A number of methodological approaches to understanding and quantifying the potential impacts of changes in macroeconomic and sectoral policies on the natural resource environment have been developed in recent years. However each has its limitations, resulting in policy change still being implemented without due attention to environmental impacts. Two key drawbacks of those methodologies that do...

Rising populations and incomes throughout the world have boosted meat demand by over 75% in the last 20years, intensifying pressures on production systems and the natural resources to which they are linked. As a growing proportion of global meat production is traded, the environmental impacts of production become increasingly separated from where the meat is consumed. In this paper, we quantify...

Although the incidence of tooth decay has decreased considerably over the past two decades, the prevalence of caries among children and adolescents remains high. Minorities and low-income populations experience more dental decay than those with higher incomes, and they are also more likely to have a higher proportion of untreated decayed teeth. Low oral health care utilization is the primary re...

BACKGROUND Increasing urbanization and population density, and persisting inequities in health outcomes across socioeconomic groupings have raised concerns internationally regarding the health of the urban poor. These concerns are also evident in Cambodia, which prompted the design of a study to identify and describe the main barriers to access to health services by the poor in the capital city...

A variety of measures are used to compare income inequalities, many of which have been derived from Lorenz curve. However, classical Gini coefficient and its variations are probably the most commonly used measures of income inequality. They are considered as the best measures by many scientists, but it is also recognized that the choice of age-grouping affects the Gini measures (Formby, et al. ...

Can we use neoclassical growth model to single out the important transmission channels through which external factors or ‘primitives’ affected the Indian economy and caused the remarkable growth of the period 1982–2002? In this paper, we answer the question by applying the new technique of business cycle accounting to the Indian economy. Our results show us that the primary conduit of policies ...

We contrast e¤ects of taxing non-renewable resources with the e¤ects of traditional capital taxes and investment subsidies in an endogenous growth model. In a simple framework we demonstrate that when non-renewable resources are a necessary input in the sector where growth is ultimately generated, interest income taxes and investment subsidies can no longer a¤ect the long-run growth rate, where...

Many countries in West Asia, defined in this study as the Arabic-speaking countries of the Arabian Peninsula plus Turkey and Iran, have enacted environmental conservation laws but regional underlying drivers of environment change, such as rising incomes and fast-growing populations, continue to put pressure on remaining wetlands. This paper aims to inform conservation efforts by presenting the ...

In Chapter 26 we discussed how rising per capita incomes over long periods of time can be explained by population growth, capital accumulation, and technological progress. Is there some way that we can measure how much of observed growth in per capita incomes is due to each factor separately? An obvious problem in trying to do so is that “technological progress,” though obvious in many aspects ...