increasing concern with income distribution effects rather than growth effects of government activities has prompted numerous incidence analysis of government tax and expenditure behavior, in this paper, the extent of government contributions to changes in income inequality is analyzed for the Iranian economy. Some major findings of this research is that income distribution in urban areas was m...

introductionrural administration as an executive arm of councils is of important institutions in iran which are constantly facing difficulties providing finance for their commitments based on institutions. these difficulties chakllahnge their abilities in providing services to rural societies since the capacity of rural economy is lilmited in making income and the average incomeof rural familie...

BACKGROUND Health inequality has been recognized as a problem all over the world. In China, the poor usually have less access to healthcare than the better-off, despite having higher levels of need. Since the proportion of the Chinese population living in urban areas increased tremendously with the urbanization movements, attention has been paid to the association between urban/rural residence ...

Since the mid-1980s, hundreds of millions of Chinese rural laborers have left the countryside to work in towns and cities and it is projected that this number will grow. The current rural-urban migration tide in China may be one of history’s biggest labor movements, however, it has not been fully studied due to limited data availability. This paper uses the micro level data that cover the broad...

We use three conventional inequality indices—the Gini, the coefficient of variation of income, and the relative mean deviation of income—and the Atkinson index to examine the effect of income tax rates, the minimum wage, and all the major government welfare and transfer programs on the evolution of income inequality for rural and urban areas by state from 1981 to 1997. We find that these progra...

Understanding the ways in which socioeconomic status affects prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is important for building up strategies eliminating the inequalities in cancer diagnosis and treatments among different groups, which, remains undetermined. In the present study, 1485 newly diagnosed HCC patients with complete demographic and clinical data were included. Socioeconomic data, ...

Present study aims at identifying the factors affecting buying decisions of rural consumers and whether importance of these factors varies with age and income of respondents. Study identified the eight factors i.e. price, quality, warranty, advertisement, brand, friends recommendations, family members recommendation and packaging which rural consumers consider while making purchase decisions. I...

Since the introduction of private tubewells in rural Pakistan, farmers have increasingly used groundwater to supplement canal water for irrigation and improve the reliability of the water supply. Farmers obtain groundwater either from their own tubewells or from other well owners. This paper examines the effect of private tubewells on rural income, both in terms of income level and income distr...

This study evaluates the household food demand patterns among different income sorts in urban and rural areas of Pakistan and estimation of food expenditure and household size elasticities. The different income sorts are the Lower Income Group(≤ 8000), Lower-middle Income Group(800112000), Middle Income Group(12001-18000),Upper-middle Income Group (18001-35000) and Upper Income Group (35000+) P...

this study focused on the income generating capacity of farm family’s own resources and examined the vulnerability to financial risk among the remote and peri-urban farming systems of imo state. primary data was collected using the farming and rural systems approach to randomly select and interview 120 households. descriptive statistics and mann whitney test were used in assessing between group...