listening skill and speaking skill, according language didactics, have close interaction in lingual communications. therefore, measuring listening comprehension without considering other language skills seems to be difficult. the present study is an effort to compare the effectiveness of oral and written multiple-choice listening tests for persian language learners. in fact, this study answers ...

In this paper we introduce a four-parameter generalized Weibull distribution. This new distribution has a more general form of failure rate function. It is more general for modeling than six ageing classes of life distributions with appropriate choices of parameter values, so it can display decreasing, increasing, bathtub shaped, unimodal, increasing-decreasing increasing and decreasing-increas...

conclusions in spite of risk of pregnancy and unintended pregnancy in this age group, about a half of them used less effective contraceptive methods, hence family planning education, and counseling to older women should be a priority in health centers. results the mean age of women was 39.8 ± 4.2 years. the most popular contraceptive methods used in this age group were oral contraceptive pills ...

Children consume too much sugar and not enough fruit and vegetables, increasing their risk of adverse health outcomes. Inhibitory control training (ICT) reduces children's and adults' intake of energy-dense foods in both laboratory and real-life settings. However, no studies have yet examined whether ICT can increase healthy food choice when energy-dense options are also available. We investiga...

Real-effort tasks are used frequently in economics experiments for various purposes. One example is to study the behavior of agents in contests. In this paper, we study the effort choices of subjects in real-effort tasks within a contest environment. Subjects participate in pairs in a tournament with two equal prizes. Despite the absence of monetary incentives, we find that subjects exert a pos...

countries around the world are experiencing an ever-increasing need to make choices in investments in health and healthcare. this makes it incumbent upon them to have formal processes in place to optimize the legitimacy of eventual decisions. there is now growing experience among countries of the implementation of stakeholder participation, and a developing convergence of methods to support dec...