1. Two novel HLA-A2.1 specific H5N1 nucleoprotein epitopes(NP373-381 AMDSNTLEL and NP458-466 FQGRGVFEL) capable of activating cytotoxic T-cells in vitro were identified. 2. When the H5N1 nucleoprotein epitopes (NP373-381AMDSNTLEL and NP458-466FQGRGVFEL) were used with the single chain trimer system, they elicited effective cytotoxic T-cell responses against the corresponding nucleoprotein pepti...

conclusions although the general knowledge of our study groups on ai is relatively fair, they are not prepared for ai epidemics. background medical staff’s knowledge and preparedness has an important role in providing specialized care to the patients as well as controlling and preventing the epidemics. objectives the aim of the study is to examine and compare the knowledge and preparedness in t...

We present the prevention of avian influenza pandemic by adjusting multiple control functions in the human-to-human transmittable avian influenza model. First we show the existence of the optimal control problem; then by using both analytical and numerical techniques, we investigate the cost-effective control effects for the prevention of transmission of disease. To do this, we use three contro...

The adjuvant AS03 is stockpiled for future formulations with new and existing vaccines for the control of pandemic influenza virus. We previously reported the immunogenicity of an A/H5N1 vaccine extemporaneously mixed with the AS03 adjuvant for 42 days following vaccination. This report extends those findings to 1 year after vaccination.

To determine the origin of influenza A virus (H5N1) epizootics in Cambodia, we used maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods to analyze the genetic sequences of subtype H5N1 strains from Cambodia and neighboring areas. Poultry movements, rather than repeated reintroduction of subtype H5N1 viruses by wild birds, appear to explain virus circulation and perpetuation.

BACKGROUND Understanding population responses to influenza helps optimize public health interventions. Relevant theoretical frameworks remain nascent. PURPOSE To model associations between trust in information, perceived hygiene effectiveness, knowledge about the causes of influenza, perceived susceptibility and worry, and personal hygiene practices (PHPs) associated with influenza. METHODS...

most highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (aiv) emerge after field passage of non-pathogenic aivs in birds. the outbreak of low-pathogenic h7n1 avian influenza virus in italy during 1999-2000 followed by outbreak of highly pathogenic h7n1 avian influenza virus is one example in this regard. this experiment has been designed to investigate the effect of pre-infection of birds with lpai on s...

The objective of Web-based expert epidemic intelligence systems is to detect health threats. The Global Health Security Initiative (GHSI) Early Alerting and Reporting (EAR) project was launched to assess the feasibility and opportunity for pooling epidemic intelligence data from seven expert systems. EAR participants completed a qualitative survey to document epidemic intelligence strategies an...