propoxure (ppx) is a well-known carbamate insecticide, which has been used for several decades in the world and iran in agriculture and public health programs. however, there is no clear investigation toward its immunotoxicity as yet. in this study, we examined the effects of subchronic i.p. exposure of ppx on humoral (pfc & ha) and cellular (dth) responses, and also monitored t-cell subtypes u...

the silverleaf whitefly, bemisia tabaci (hem.: aleyrodidae), is a key pest of greenhouse crops. nymphs and adults feed on plant sap and excrete honeydew, resulting in reduction of yield and quality. this pest has a high potential for developing resistant biotypes against different insecticides. therefore, it is necessary to study the efficacy of different categories of insecticides against b. t...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The evolution of insecticide-resistance in malaria vectors is emerging as a serious challenge for the control of malaria. Modelling the spread of insecticide-resistance is an essential tool to understand the evolutionary pressures and dynamics caused by the application of insecticides. METHODOLOGY We developed a population-genetic model of the spread of insecticide-r...

An insect's behavior is the expression of its integrated physiology in response to external and internal stimuli, turning insect behavior into a potential determinant of insecticide exposure. Behavioral traits may therefore influence insecticide efficacy against insects, compromising the validity of standard bioassays of insecticide activity, which are fundamentally based on lethality alone. By...

Background. The evolution of insecticide resistance can lead to an increase in the entomological indicators of malaria transmission, such as mosquito survival and blood feeding rates, thus threatening efforts to control malaria. Yet, there is little evidence from the field that malaria control programmes are failing due to insecticide resistance. One explanation for this apparent contradiction ...

Background Most national dengue control programmes rely extensively on insecticides to control the mosquito vectors of this disease. Objectives The objective of this review is to describe current knowledge of the extent of insecticide resistance in dengue vectors and the potential impact of this resistance on control activities. Methods We searched Web of Science and PubMed for studies that inc...

Aedes aegypti, a mosquito closely associated with humans, is the principal vector of dengue virus which currently infects about 400 million people worldwide. Because there is no way to prevent infection, public health policies focus on vector control; but insecticide-resistance threatens them. However, most insecticide-resistant mosquito populations exhibit fitness costs in absence of insectici...

Background: Gastric lavage (GL) is one of the most commonly used decontamination method for cholinergic insecticide ingestion in developing countries despite lack of supporting evidence. This study was designed to evaluate the outcome of patients with cholinergic insecticide poisoning treated with GL in regards to timing and frequency of the procedure. Methods: In this prospective observational...

Mosquito borne diseases such as malaria and dengue cause extensive morbidity and mortality and are a major economic burden within disease-endemic countries. Control of both these diseases, which in most countries are primarily transmitted in and around the home, is difficult. Malaria and dengue are effectively managed through a combination of vector control, drugs and management of clinical ill...