Abstract This article has two major inter-connected objectives about the ascendancy of informal international institutions on a global basis. The first objective is to highlight extended scope this phenomenon. second evaluates how mainstream International Relations (IR) literature treated cascading wave institutions. With expansion in mind, focus critical evaluation rationalist institutionalist...

Because of the limited capacity of coastal lands and conflicting interests among stakeholders for coastal resources, there are intensifying pressures to retain and provide more public access to the coast. Coastal gated communities have been developed increasingly in the middle shoreline of Caspian Sea in North of Iran. They are kind of exclusive space production as they restrict public access t...