Teen Courts provide a forum in which juvenile offenders are sentenced by their peers. This system, based on principles of restorative justice, serves as an alternative to the traditional juvenile justice system. Sentencing options typically include restitution, community service, jury duty, apologies, attendance at educational workshops, and tours of correctional facilities. Previous research h...

Youth Gangs: An Overview, the initial Bulletin in this series, brings together available knowledge on youth gangs by reviewing data and research. The author begins with a look at the history of youth gangs and their demographic characteristics. He then assesses the scope of the youth gang problem, including gang problems in juvenile detention and correctional facilities. A review of gang studie...

The conduct of research with human participants is facing increased scrutiny from government, media, and academic sources. Research oversight is consequently increasing dramatically as education and accreditation movements gain momentum. Institutional review boards themselves are undergoing significant changes in organization and accountability, implementing new tools to monitor investigator co...

HighereducationsysteminIndiahasbeenexpandedinaremarkableway,particularlyinthepostindependenceperiod,tobecomeoneofthelargestsystemsofitskindintheworld.However,the GrossEnrollmentRatio (GER) is farbelowwhencompared todevelopedandmanydeveloping countries.TheGovernmentofIndiahasfocusedonincreasingtheaccessandensuringequityduring successiv...

This report describes a unique undergraduate research and teaching collaboration between investigators at two institutions, one a relatively small, primarily undergraduate institution and the other a large, urban research-intensive university. The program incorporates three major facets. First, undergraduates participate in a weekly collaborative lab meeting involving instructors from both inst...

Norms guide multi-agent systems away from being potentially anarchic towards a coordinated and collaborative society. Institutions provide an explicit, external representation of norms as well as the means to detect violations and other conditions. Each institution can be crafted individually to capture their designers’ goals, but this creates a challenge at higher levels of authority in guidin...

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development management is one of the newest fields of social sciences brought about by multidisciplinary approaches. the roots of these approaches are traced in the writings of adorno, horkheimer, marcuse and habermas, pioneers of the frankfurt school. as an interdisciplinary field, mostly applied, development management is obviously the fruit of civil society, a society that values participato...