The networked medium of the Internet lowers the technical barriers for distributed collaboration and peer production, however the challenges of creating and sustaining large social and cooperative enterprise are immense. This paper is a survey of prior literature and current theories of cooperation and property rights, particularly in the context of distributed online communities. The recent Op...

In the field of genetic research and the subsequent rise of biobanks an intensive discussion is taking place on national and international levels about property and personality rights to one’s own body and body parts. The authors attempt to develop on the basis of the current controversially discussed law a concept of property, which can solve the legal and bioethical problems of the multiple u...

right of private property is of the most important individual rights of society that lies in the heart of private law. in islamic law protection of property as one of the five goals of fighhe, that is, protection of sagacity, religion, generation and self, is to be stipulated. based on article 140 of civil code the process of property acquisition is restricted to four cases. on the other hand, ...

A set C can be strongly coded under condition < B, C(A) >, where B and C are classes of sets possibly with other parameters, iff there exists A ∈ B such that every Z ∈ C(A) can be used to compute C. The issue is widely studied especially in effective mathematics and reverse mathematics. In this paper, we focus on three kinds of conditions, namely, density condition, enumeration condition and pa...

ThiJ puper addresses the issue of dynamic similarity and intensive property invariance in scaled bilateral naunipulation, and ofsers a design methodology bused on these considerations. Dimensional analysis methods are utilized to form the basis of a constrained optimization problem that enables selection of a force scaling factor that minimizes the intensive distortion of the environment. The p...

This article wants to address the need for a research effort and framework that studies and embraces the novel, difficult but crucial issues of adaptation of knowledge resources to their respective user communities, and vice versa, as a fundamental property within knowledge-intensive internet systems. Through a deep understanding of real-time, community-driven evolution of so-called ontologies,...

background: echocardiography is one of the diagnostic tools that can be applied at the bedside, along with avoiding transporting critically ill patients. this prospective observational study was designed to assess the clinical applicability of the transthoracic echocardiography (tte) device by noncardiologist intensivists. materials and methods: intensivists performed a limited tte examination ...