In this study, Fourier-transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics was utilized to determine the antioxidant capacity and γaminobutyric acid (GABA) content of Chinese rice wine (CRW). Interval partial least-squares (iPLS) and extreme learning machine (ELM) were used to improve the performances of partial least-squares (PLS) models. In total, four different cal...

Learners sometimes have incoherent and fragmented intuitive prior knowledge that is (partly) "incompatible" with the to-be-learned contents. Such knowledge in pieces can cause conceptual disorientation and cognitive overload while learning. We hypothesized that a pre-training intervention providing a generalized schema as a structuring framework for such knowledge in pieces would support (re)or...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the pursuit of achievement goals in medical students and to assess the relationship between achievement goals, learning strategy, and motivation. METHODS Two hundred seventy freshman and sophomore premedical students and sophomore medical school students participated in this study, which used the Achievement Goals Scale and the Self-Regulate...

Research methodologies provoke much debate in cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics research. They have different advantages and disadvantages, though the goal of many methodologies remains the controlled elicitation of data that is comparable to real-life production. In this paper an innovative methodology of data collection is proposed—the Naturalized Role-play (hereafter NRP). This met...

the necessity of conducting more studies addressing the development of pragmatic profciency and strong pragmatic awareness for english language learners has made the role of instruction and feedback in teaching pragmatic knowledge of utmost importance. the present study evaluates the relative effectiveness of four types of instruction for teaching some pragmatic markers including topic change m...

This study investigated the impact of individual differences like language proficiency, gender and age on the Iranian EFL learners interlanguage pragmatics in institutional discourse especially, their capacity to recognize and to rate pragmatic and grammatical infelicities in speech act situations of request and apology.  To this end, one hundred and eighty-seven EFL university students at thre...

This study aims to investigate the apology speech act strategy employed by Japanese language learners at intermediate level and pragmatic transfer from L1 L2 that occurs. The data for this were gathered using Discourse Completion Test (DCT), which examined four situations focusing on relationships with interlocutors. subjects of 53 learners. collected then classified into eight strategies or se...

BACKGROUND Brain function, as indexed by brain electrical activity, is heritable in humans, and it may be impaired in autism. Autism also has strong genetic determinants, and like all major psychiatric disorders, its complex clinical phenotype renders genetic studies difficult. Innovative strategies focused on alternative biological phenotypes are needed. METHODS The early brain auditory-evok...