I present a case study of scientific discovery, where building two functional and behavioral approximations of neurons, one physical and the other computational, led to conceptual and implementation breakthroughs in a neural engineering laboratory. Such building of external systems that mimic target phenomena, and the use of these external systems to generate novel concepts and control structur...

In general, systems try to have internal control; most humans want to feel like they have control over their life. Some do this by aiming for external control: they want to fix how the environment behaves. Others do this by trying to find synergies with the environment. How can we formalize these different strategies for control, and which one functions the best? I will try to answer these ques...

background and purpose: with regards to the importance of women’s beliefs in improving pregnancy outcomes, this study was performed to determine the perceived internal control on future pregnancy outcomes and its related factors in women who participated in pre‑marital counseling. materials and methods: in a cross‑sectional study, women’s perceived internal control was investigated. the study p...

This study explores the effect of internal control weakness on investment efficiency of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population included all companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the time period 2012-2015. Purposive sampling was the sampling method. Given the theoretical principles and the research literature, two hypotheses were proposed which were test...