As a consequence of several setbacks encountered by viral technology in achieving efficient and safe gene therapy in clinical trials, non-viral gene delivery vectors are considered to date as a valuable alternative and to hold promise for future therapeutic applications. Nevertheless, the transfection efficiency mediated by these non-viral gene delivery vectors has to be improved, especially in...

Positive-sense RNA viruses are responsible for frequent and often devastating diseases in humans, animals, and plants. However, the development of effective vaccines and anti-viral therapies targeted towards these pathogens has been hindered by an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in viral replication. One common feature of all positive-sense RNA viruses is the manip...

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolism-related diseases characterized by elevated plasma glucose levels, and the course diabetes closely linked to development diabetes-related complications, which can be life-threatening due poor glycemic control. Exosomes are small vesicles that encapsulate intracellular molecules composed variety bioactive proteins, lipids nucleic acids (including microRN...

Intracellular pH (pHi) is an important parameter of the intracellular environment, as changes in pHi can potentially affect virtually all cellular organelles and their processes. All molecules, including proteins lipids, present environment respond to pHi. Given that most biological reactions are dependent, it therefore not a surprise also stringently controlled within physiological range for n...