Ion current density and electron number density profiles were measured in the very-nearfield plume of a 1.35 kW stationary plasma thruster (SPT-100) loaned from Space Systems/Loraland Fakel Enterprises. In order to take these measurements without significantly disturbing plasma flow while data were collected, a small Faraday probe and a single Langmuir probe were constructed and used with high-...

A technique for detecting ion suppression in LC/MS was developed by adding a specific concentration of a probe molecule to an LC mobile phase. The probe is sufficiently acidic and hydrophilic, such that the intensity of the protonated probe, as analyzed in a mass spectrometer, is expected to decrease much more than those of other analytes when ion suppression occurs. Thus, the potential occurre...

A theory Is presented for a method, recently proposed by Hester and Sonln, of determining the Ion temperature In a plasma by measuring the transient current response of a highly negative, cylindrical Langmuir probe under conditions where collection Is collision-free and the ratio of probe radius to Debye length Is small. The Ion component of the current does not approach Its final, steady-state...

The retina of the frog was superfused with a Ringer solution containing impermeant "probe" cations and anions. Light-evoked concentration changes in these probe ions were measured in the subretinal space (SRS) with ion-selective microelectrodes. A decrease in probe ion concentration was found, and several observations suggest that this is caused by a light-evoked expansion of the SRS. The probe...

Dileptons provide direct observables of the electromagnetic currentcurrent correlator in the hot and/or dense medium formed in heavy-ion collisions. In this article an overview is given about the status of the theoretical understanding of the dilepton phenomenology in heavy-ion collisions from studies of the in-medium properties of hadrons and partons within many-body theory and about connectio...

A concentration detection limit of 100 fM was achieved for the fluorescein ion by improving the experimental setup used for Hadamard transform capillary electrophoresis. Two argon-ion lasers, a gating laser for sample injection and a probe laser for the excitation of analyte molecules, were employed for the efficient photodegradation of analyte molecules in laser-induced fluorescence detection ...

We review essential elements in using the J = 1− channel as a probe for hot and dense matter as produced in (ultra-) relativistic collisions of heavy nuclei. The uniqueness of the vector channel resides in the fact that it directly couples to photons, both real and virtual (dileptons), enabling the study of thermal radiation and in-medium effects on both light (ρ, ω, φ) and heavy (Ψ,Υ) vector m...

The thiocyanate (SCN(-)) anion is known as one of the best denaturants, which is also capable of breaking the hydrogen-bond network of water and destabilizing native structures of proteins. Despite prolonged efforts to understand the underlying mechanism of such Hofmeister effects, detailed dynamics of the ions in a highly concentrated solution have not been fully elucidated yet. Here, we used ...

Particle-in-cell and hybrid electron-Boltzmann simulations of planar and cylindrical Langmuir probes are compared with various probe theories. Floating potentials for planar and cylindrical probes are calculated and significant deviations from the typical approximation used for argon discharges of 5Te are shown. The interpretation of simulated ion saturation currents by the orbital motion limit...