as an important event, each war has a lasting effect on people's life and language for decades. some war consequences are in direct relation with end result (winning or losing) of the war and some others are the aftermath of the war itself. this essay discusses two points about the period following the war, considering iran-iraq war. first, death becomes a routine. it will be internalized ...

How was life expectancy in Iran affected by the Islamic Revolution and subsequent war with Iraq? This study examines joint effect of regime change against Iraq on between 1978 1988. If there had been no revolution Iran, how would Iranians have developed? To answer this question, we use a synthetic control model to construct counterfactual based weighted average other comparable countries, which...

although the shelling and bombing against the residential areas have been prohibited in the international law, the iraqi regime used these tools frequently to advance its military and political strategy. these attacks were escalated after the kheibar operation. this article considers the definitions and concepts of the war of the cities and then studies the trend of this war during the iran-ira...

Missile injuries of the kidney are rare even in wartime. Of 4500 patients admitted to the Ghaem Medical Center in the first two years of the Iran-Iraq war, only 96 had injuries of the genitourinary tract (2.1 %) and only 35 involved the kidney usually with multiple injuries to other viscera. The mortality for those with urogenital injuries was 8.3% (compared with World War I, 60% and World...

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BACKGROUND The incidence of suicide is higher in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than the general population. This prevalence rate is related to many factors including drug dependence. This study was conducted in people wounded during the Iran-Iraq war with PTSD, in order to compare the risk of suicide in those with and without drug and nicotine dependence. METHODS This...

Chemical warfare agents are the most brutal weapons among the weapons of mass destruction. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent toxic alkylating agent known as “the King of the Battle Gases”. SM has been the most widely used chemical weapon during the wars. It was widely used in World War I. Thereafter, it was extensively employed by the Iraqi troops against the Iranian military personnel and even c...

The Contemporary Middle East in an Age of UpheavalJames L. Gelvin, ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021. $28.00. 368 pp.Revolutionary Life: Everyday the Arab SpringAsef Bayat. Cambridge, MA: Harvard £30.95/$35.00. 336 pp.The Unfinished History Iran–Iraq War: Faith, Firepower, and Iran’s Revolutionary GuardsAnnie Tracy Samuel. Cambridge: Cambridge £75.00. 302 pp.Escaping Conflict Tr...