The limited size of a block in the Bitcoin blockchain produces a scaling bottleneck. The transaction scalability problem can be addressed by performing smaller transactions off-chain and periodically reporting the results to the Bitcoin blockchain. One such solution is the Lightning Network. Bitcoin is employed by lawful users and criminals. This requires crimes against lawful users as well as ...

the law of embryo donatioin declares that legitimacy of the process of in vitro fertilization is dependent upon observation of religious precepts, without specifying those precepts. as it is doctors of medicine who are in charge of that process, the lawmakers should reconsider that law and, while announcing a method which is religiously lawful, determine religious criteria of the process. as so...

majority of shi‘a jurists believe in the absoluteunlawfulness of woman’s leaving home withoutpermission of the spouse unless for mandatory duties.following majority’s opinion, a good number of lawyershave maintained that woman’s leaving home withoutpermission of the spouse for any purpose is not allowed.in the present essay, proofs concerning this problem,including qur’anic verses, hadiths, and...

OBJECTIVE To analyze the opinion of judges and prosecutors concerning Brazilian abortion law and situations in which the abortion should be allowed. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed with 1,493 judges and 2,614 prosecutors in Brazil between 2005 and 2006. Participants completed a structured questionnaire approaching sociodemographic characteristics, opinions about abortion law, an...

identification and recognition of incomplete embryo is a new matter which has been raised recently. but rapid development of technology and recognition of prenatal disorders made abortion a means to relive and to prevent a child with untreatable and dangerous diseases from having a hard life. but some people are involved in it and it has created many social disorders. although many religious ju...

Using the well-known categorical notion of ‘functor’ one may define the concept of datatype (algebra) without being forced to introduce a signature, that is, names and typings for the individual sorts (types) and operations involved. This has proved to be advantageous for those theory developments where one is not interested in the syntactic appearance of an algebra. The categorical notion of ‘...

We give a brief introduction of Hume’s epistemology and his penetrating analysis of causality. It is pointed out that there are some flaws in his epistemology and his theory of causation. Alternative theories of causation are then briefly introduced. Partly inspired by Hume’s analysis of necessary connexion, we present a new argument of causation. We argue that Hume’s removing necessary connexi...