The long necks of gigantic sauropod dinosaurs are commonly assumed to have been used for high browsing to obtain enough food. However, this analysis questions whether such a posture was reasonable from the standpoint of energetics. The energy cost of circulating the blood can be estimated accurately from two physiological axioms that relate metabolic rate, blood flow rate and arterial blood pre...

Results of a 1992 Medicaid cost-of-dispensing study among North Carolina pharmacies are presented. The estimated statewide weighted average cost incurred by pharmacies to dispense a prescription was $5.37 in 1991. The variation in dispensing costs found among pharmacies of various sizes, organizational types, and locations is identified. Higher average dispensing costs were reported for large c...

BACKGROUND The clinical impact of postoperative ileus (POI) after colectomy is difficult to quantify financially because of administrative coding limitations. Accurate data are important to allow pharmaco-economic analysis of methods aimed at reducing POI. The aim of this study was to assess the financial impact of POI for the 30-day episode of care for colectomy. STUDY DESIGN We reviewed all...

In an ideal e-business environment, when a customer order is scheduled and a ship date is computed, the availability should immediately be reserved and not be available for future orders. However, in reality the availability data that are used for the scheduling the orders are not real time availability (physical availability), but they are availability information stored in an IT system (syste...

HINDRIK MULDER,1,2 SAMUEL GEBRE-MEDHIN,3,4 CHRISTER BETSHOLTZ,4 FRANK SUNDLER,2 AND BO AHRÉN5 1Section for Molecular Signaling, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund; 2Section for Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund; 3Section for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiological Scien...

Though IT usage has been identified as a significant construct, significant gaps remain in our understanding of how IT is used by different organizational members. In this paper, we examine the key organizational, external environmental, and IT-related factors that influence IT usage in organizations across management and non-management levels. Based on data from over 500 functional managers, w...

Although people buy counterfeit products to signal positive traits, we show that wearing counterfeit products makes individuals feel less authentic and increases their likelihood of both behaving dishonestly and judging others as unethical. In four experiments, participants wore purportedly fake or authentically branded sunglasses. Those wearing fake sunglasses cheated more across multiple task...

Firms have an increasing need today to develop a sourcing strategy that is more strategic than in years past. Firms need to maintain a strategy of adaptability in order to mitigate the risks associated with outsourcing. A major influence on the adaptability of a firm in the shortand long-term is the switching costs associated with bring an outsourced activity back inhouse (backsource) or switch...

this research aims to study the relationship between the components of quality costs and quality in company. the relationship between the components of quality costs and quality in company has been studied separately for materials, manpower, machinery, and whole of company. in this study, traditional method was used to collect quality costs and paf model was used to determine the components of ...