PURPOSE To review the anatomy of the shoulder joint and of the physiology of glenohumeral stability is essential to manage correctly shoulder instability. METHODS It was reviewed a large number of recently published research studies related to the shoulder instability that received a higher Level of Evidence grade. RESULTS It is reviewed the bony anatomy, the anatomy and function of the lig...

The shoulder (glenohumeral) joint has the greatest range of motion of all human joints; as a result, it is particularly vulnerable to dislocation and injury. The ability to accurately measure dynamic in-vivo joint kinematics in 6-Degrees-of-Freedom (6-DOF) (translations and rotations) and subsequently quantify articular cartilage contact patterns of that joint has been and remains a difficult b...

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Disorders of the distal radioulnar joint are a major source of ulnar-sided wrist pain. Fortunately, our understanding of the anatomy, joint mechanics, and pathophysiology of this area has increased greatly in recent years, making resolution of many of these problems feasible. In most cases, an accurate diagnosis can be made, and successful treatment can then be prescribed. This review covers va...

Dislocation of the shoulder joint is common. The shoulder is affected in up to 60% of all major joint dislocations, one study citing an incidence of 1.7% in the general population. The most common form is anteroinferior dislocation. A variety of techniques to reduce shoulder dislocation has been described. The key to successful relocation is a thorough understanding of the anatomy of both the e...

Functionally, the knee comprises 2 articulations-the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral. Stability of the joint is governed by a combination of static ligaments, dynamic muscular forces, meniscocapsular aponeurosis, bony topography, and joint load. The surgeon is ill equipped to undertake surgical treatment of a dislocated knee without a sound footing in the anatomic complexities of this joint. We...

Injury to the proximal tibiofibular joint is uncommon. Previous studies regarding the anatomy of this region have predominantly focused on joint orientation. As radiographic technology has advanced, later studies have attempted to evaluate the capsular anatomy. However, no reports specifically map the ligaments to this joint. The objectives of the current study were to define specific ligamento...