In this paper we present an application of the groupoid theory to study relevant case material evolution phenomena, process morphogenesis. Our is inspired by Walter Noll's theories continuous distributions and provides a unifying very simple framework these phenomena. We explicit equation, morphogenesis calculate associated phenomenon.

Joints are essential for skeletal flexibly and form, yet the process underlying joint morphogenesis is poorly understood. Zebrafish caudal fins are comprised of numerous segmented bony fin rays, where growth occurs by the sequential addition of new segments and new joints. Here, we evaluate joint gene expression during fin regeneration. First, we identify three genes that influence joint format...

A functional joint requires integration of multiple tissues: the apposing skeletal elements should form an interlocking structure, and muscles should insert into skeletal tissues via tendons across the joint. Whereas newts can regenerate functional joints after amputation, Xenopus laevis regenerates a cartilaginous rod without joints, a "spike." Previously we reported that the reintegration mec...

BACKGROUND How joints are correctly positioned in the vertebrate skeleton remains poorly understood. From our studies on the regenerating fin, we have evidence that the gap junction protein Cx43 suppresses joint formation by suppressing the expression of the evx1 transcription factor. Joint morphogenesis proceeds through at least two discrete stages. First, cells that will produce the joint con...

Skeletal morphogenesis describes how bones achieve their correct shape and size and appropriately position joints. We use the regenerating caudal fin of zebrafish to study this process. Our examination of the fin length mutant short fin (sof (b123)) has revealed that the gap junction protein Cx43 is involved in skeletal morphogenesis by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting joint formatio...

objective(s):skin extracellular matrix, which contains type i and type iii collagens, is involved in skin development. the aim of this study was to investigate type iii collagen distribution pattern as well as its changes during pre and post-natal skin morphogenesis in rats. materials and methods: ventral skins of wistar rat embryos at different stages from 10 to 20 gestational day (e10-e20) an...

Urodele amphibians, such as newts, can regenerate a functional limb, including joints, after amputation at any level along the proximal-distal axis of the limb. The blastema can regenerate the limb morphology largely independently of the stump after proximal-distal identity has been established, but the remaining and regenerated tissues must be structurally reintegrated (matched in size and sha...

Joints permit efficient locomotion, especially among animals with a rigid skeleton. Joint morphologies vary in the body of individual animals, and the shapes of homologous joints often differ across species. The diverse locomotive behaviors of animals are based, in part, on the developmental and evolutionary history of joint morphogenesis. We showed previously that strictly coordinated cell-dif...

Joint morphogenesis is an important phase of prenatal joint development during which the opposing cartilaginous rudiments acquire their reciprocal and interlocking shapes. At an early stage of development, the prenatal hip joint is formed of a deep acetabular cavity that almost totally encloses the head. By the time of birth, the acetabulum has become shallower and the femoral head has lost sub...