PURPOSE To determine whether a fifteen-minute water immersion treatment affects the normal ankle joint position sense (JPS) at the middle range of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion actively and passively. METHODS Thirty healthy female volunteers aged between 18 and 30 years were treated by a 15-minute cryotherapy (6 ± 1°C). The subject's skin temperature over antromedial aspect of dominant ank...

This study determined flexion and extension angles of resting fingers and wrist in terms of forearm posture (neutral, pronation and supination) and shoulder flexion (0°, 45°, 90° and 135°). The participants participated in 12 angle measurements for 16 finger joints and wrist. The finger joints flexed more in supination than in neutral posture and pronation and the thumb flexed more than the oth...

Robot systems in critical applications, such as those in space and nuclear environments, must be able to operate during component failure to complete important tasks. One failure mode that has received little attention is the failure of joint position sensors. Current fault tolerant designs require the addition of directly redundant position sensors which can affect joint design. The proposed m...

The distribution of measured values for maximally accurate, unbi-ased simultaneous measurements of position and momentum is investigated. It is shown, that if the measurement is retrodictively optimal, then the distribution of results is given by the initial state Husimi function (or Q-representation). If the measurement is predic-tively optimal, then the distribution of results is related to t...