MHC class I molecules expressed in a calreticulin-deficient cell line (K42) assembled with beta 2-microglobulin (beta2-m) normally, but their subsequent loading with optimal peptides was defective. Suboptimally loaded class I molecules were released into the secretory pathway. This occurred despite the ability of newly synthesized class I to interact with the transporter associated with antigen...

We discuss survey evidence on individuals’ willingness to sanction norm violations – such as evading taxes, drunk driving, fare dodging, or skiving off work – by expressing disapproval or social exclusion. Our data suggest that people condition their sanctioning behavior on their belief about the frequency of norm violations. The more commonly a norm violation is believed to occur, the lower th...

The taxation of high-income earners is of importance to every country and is the subject of a considerable amount of recent academic research. Such high-income earners contribute substantial amounts of tax and generate significant positive spillovers, but are also highly mobile: a 1% increase in the top marginal income tax rate increases outmigrations by around 1.5 to 3%. We review research int...

Enforcement problems are frequently acute in illegal transactions, such as bribery. However, if a government official and a member of the public share informal social or economic ties, this may enable them to enforce bribe transactions by “linking the games”. As a result, official’s incentives to engage in corruption may be affected by the social structure of the society in which they are embed...

There is a widely held perception that fundamental tax reform would reduce the level of criminal and other “underground” economic activity. The popular argument relies on the idea that replacing the income tax with a sales tax would implicitly tax the return to criminal activity, whereas the return to crime is effectively untaxed by an income tax. This paper finds instead that the impact of tax...

Sparked by high-profile confrontations between police and citizens in Ferguson, Missouri, and elsewhere, many commentators have criticized the excessive militarization of law enforcement. We investigate whether surplus military-grade equipment acquired by local police departments from the Pentagon has an effect on crime rates. We use temporal variations in US military expenditure and betweencou...

Cooperation problems are at the heart of many everyday situations. In this paper, we propose a very simple and light-handed mechanism to sustain cooperation and test its performance in a rich laboratory environment. The mechanism moderates cooperation by controlling experiences, more specifically, it "manipulates" subjects’ initial beliefs by providing them with selective information about (un)...

Consideration of anti-terrorism policy has focused almost exclusively on deterrence that seeks to fend off terrorism by raising the costs of undertaking terrorist acts. This paper suggests an alternative approach to anti-terrorism policy that is based on reducing the expected benefits of undertaking terrorist acts to prospective terrorists rather than raising the costs of doing so. Specifically...

Driving Forces Behind Informal Sanctions This paper investigates the driving forces behind informal sanctions in cooperation games and the extent to which theories of fairness and reciprocity capture these forces. We find that cooperators’ punishment is almost exclusively targeted towards the defectors but the latter also impose a considerable amount of spiteful punishment on the cooperators. H...

RENKIN, EUGENE M. Trans-ort of jwtassium-q2 from blood to pissue in isolated mammalian skeletal muscles. Am. J. Physiol. Ig7(6): no5-121o. I g5g.A method is described for studying transcapillary diffusion of K42 in isolated perfused muscles of dogs. Blood flow and arteriovenous K42 differences are mea+ ured and blood-tissue clearance calculated by the Fick principle. A theoretical relation betw...