Using a new dataset of currency option prices, we study the evolution of investor confidence in 1992-1998 over the chance of individual currencies to converge to the Euro. Convergence risk, which may reflect uncertainty over policy commitment as well as exogenous fundamentals, induces a level of implied volatility in excess of actual volatility (volatility wedge). We show formally that confiden...

Critical Thinking and Religious Training:Areas of Convergence A. Homaayoonfard S.M. Sajjaadi, Ph.D. Those who consider religious training contradictory to rational thinking have brought about much doubt and many questions in this regard. That is why researchers are nowadays interested in areas such as creativity, critical thinking, and infusion of rational thinking. Religious trai...

This paper introduces the measure of instantaneous correlation to study the effects of a common currency on cyclical correlation and convergence in the euro zone. Conventional, backwardlooking measures of correlation are not appropriate for a dynamic currency union. An accurate measure of cyclical correlation must account for the change in economic structures due to a common currency and the co...

SUMMARY Diagnostic residual and partial residual plots are proposed to identify nonlinearity in covariates for generalized linear models. It is shown that these plots are complement each other in the detection of nonlinearity. In addition, a transformed additive model which allows the resulting residual and partial residual plots to be obtained through the standard least squares approach is pro...

â  a geographical dimension in the poetry of de’bil al- khozaee â  â  abdul rasoul ghaffari * â  â abstractâ in this article, we attempt to study de'bil al-khozaee's poetry. we find him a person who travelled a lot around the west and the east of islamic world. in his journey, he acquired knowledge, belles-letters, morals and also wealth. what is important for us in this research is...