The American anti-mosquito movement grew out of the discovery of the role of mosquitoes in transferring pathogens and public concern about pest and nuisance mosquitoes in the late 1800s. In the 20th century, organized mosquito control in the United States passed through three eras: mechanical, chemical, and integrated mosquito control. Mosquito control in the 21st century faces the challenge of...

The problem of providing people with the information that they seek when that information happens to be in an unfamiliar language is not new. Rather, what is new is what we can do to help address that challenge. To illustrate this point, I’ll start my talk with a brief recap of two earlier generations of automated support for cross-language information access, the first from roughly 1964 to 198...

Regulators across many different jurisdictions and industries have recently adopted the practice of setting access prices based on the current costs of providing the relevant facilities. Though widely regarded as being efficient, the efficiency implications of using current costs instead of historical costs have not been formally analyzed. Our analysis shows that given stochastic costs, forward...

We are now in the 4th year of regular publication of APSP Journal of Case Reports (AJCR).Tracing our short journey we feel proud that many milestones have been attained that were entrusted upon editorial board by The Association of Paediatric Surgeons of Pakistan (APSP) in year 2010. The team worked untiringly and also tried to be innovative. It used latest technologies available with limited r...

The aim of the present study is to detect the chaotic behavior in monetary economic relevant dynamical system. The study employs three different forms of Taylor rules: current, forward, and backward looking. The result suggests the existence of the chaotic behavior in all three systems. In addition, the results strongly represent that using expectations in policy rule especially rational expect...

This paper studies optimal monetary policy in a model where inflation is persistent. Two types of price setters are assumed to exist. One acts rationally given Calvo-type constraints on price setting. The other type sets prices according to a rule-of-thumb. This results in a Phillips curve with both a forward-looking term and a backward-looking term. The Phillips curve nests a standard purely f...

While the early history of the Phillips curve up to 1975 is well known, less well understood is the post-1975 fork in the road. The left fork developed a theory of policy responses to supply shocks in the context of price stickiness in the non-shocked sector. Its econometric implementation interacts shocks with backward-looking inertia. The right fork approach emphasizes forward-looking expecta...