Three serious cholera epidemics have threatened the world during the last 10 years. As a countermeasure against such cholera epidemics, three vaccines, CVD 103-HgR, WC/rBS, and Vietnamese WC, showed good performance. CVD 103-HgR is a recombinant attenuated live vaccine for travelers, and its highly safety and protective efficacy have been demonstrated in volunteers in advanced countries. WC/rBS...

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................229 Clinical Leishmaniasis ...........................................................................................................................................229 Self-limiting cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis ...............

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................229 Clinical Leishmaniasis ...........................................................................................................................................229 Self-limiting cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis ...............

INTRODUCTION The first identification of swine-originated influenza A/CA/04/2009 (pH1N1) as the cause of an outbreak of human influenza accelerated efforts to develop vaccines to prevent and control influenza viruses. The current norm in many countries is to prepare influenza vaccines using cell-based or egg-based killed vaccines, but it is difficult to elicit a sufficient immune response using...

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne viral pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in small ruminants throughout Africa and the Middle East. Due to the sporadic and explosive nature of RVF outbreaks, vaccination has proved challenging to reduce RVFV infection in the ruminant population. Currently, there are two available types of vaccines, live and killed, in en...

Turkeys vaccinated with various experimental vaccines and a commerical bacterin for fowl cholera and surviving an artificially induced epornitic were killed, and their carcasses were examined for wholesomeness. It was evident that, if the "fitness for human consumption" judgement was considered in addition to mortality, efficacy ratings of the various vaccines changed. This suggests that the "f...

Prophylactic immunisation against infectious disease has been the most successful medical intervention yet in reducing mortality. From the introduction of vaccination against smallpox at the end of the eighteenth century, there has been continuous progress in producing safe and effective vaccines against a number of common diseases. These vaccines were bacterial toxoids (diphtheria and tetanus)...

Nonhuman primate (NHP) disease models for AIDS have made important contributions to the search for effective vaccines for AIDS. Viral diversity, persistence, capacity for immune evasion, and safety considerations have limited development of conventional approaches using killed or attenuated vaccines, necessitating the development of novel approaches. Here we highlight the knowledge gained and l...

Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is a fatal systemic disease of cattle and buffaloes. Some control isachieved with administration of alum-precipitated or oil-adjuvanted killed whole-cell vaccines injectedsubcutaneously. These vaccines, however, provide only short-term immunity and for effective use, theyshould be administered annually. We constructed an aroA attenuated derivative of a Pasteurella ...

The study objectives were to compare the duration of immunity of commercially available, one and two dose, killed porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines. Sixty, 3.5-week-old pigs were randomly divided into 6 treatment groups: one dose vaccines (FDAH-1, BIVI-1), two dose vaccines (Intervet-2, FDAH-2), and nonvaccinated negative and positive controls. Tissue homogenate challenge was conducted ...