Aiming at the problems that Krill Herd (KH) algorithm is easy to fall into local optimum, searchability weak, and k-means easily affected by selection of initial clustering centre, a based on improved KH proposed. The initialized chaos, dynamic clustering, elite leadership random mutation strategies improve introduce optimal number adaptive mechanism, which enhances comprehensive optimization a...

Many types of animals exhibit aggregative behavior: birds flock, bees swarm, fish shoal, and ungulates herd. Terrestrial and aerial aggregations can be observed directly, and photographic techniques have provided insights into the behaviors of animals in these environments and data against which behavioral theory can be tested. Underwater, however, limited visibility can hamper direct observati...

Antarctic krill are known to release large amounts of inorganic and organic nutrients to the water column. Here we test the role of krill excretion of dissolved products in stimulating heterotrophic bacteria on the basis of three experiments where ammonium and organic excretory products released by krill were added to bacterial assemblages, free of grazers. Our results demonstrate that the addi...