Effective quadrupedal locomotion requires a close coordination between the spatially distant central pattern generators (CPGs) controlling forelimb and hindlimb movements. Using isolated preparations of the neonatal rat spinal cord, we explore the role of intervening thoracic circuitry in cervicolumbar CPG coordination and the contribution to this remote coupling of limb somatosensory inputs. I...

BACKGROUND To assess whether unilateral L2 infiltration with local anesthetic can be used to identify patients who will have negative discograms and thus eliminate the need for the discogram. Discogenic low-back pain is considered to have afferent pathways in the sinuvertebral nerves, mainly originating from the ventral rami of the spinal nerves. There is evidence that pain arising from the low...

Pedicle screws are the main type of instrumentation used in the lumbar spine via the posterior approach. The accuracy of their insertion is always a concern because the malposition of screws is associated with a potential risk of iatrogenic injury of any neurovascular structure they pass. Fortunately, spinal cord and cauda equina injuries are rare. This 18-year-old paraplegic woman presented mo...

RATIONALE Lumbar burst fractures are frequent injury resulting from high-energy trauma, and the patients suffer from pain and the neurologic dysfunction. Although minimally invasive techniques have advanced rapidly, it was the first time to apply transforaminal endoscopic combined with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation to treatment of lumbar burst fractures. PATIENT CONCERNS A 33-year-old m...

BACKGROUND Exposure of the anterior or lateral lumbar via the retroperitoneal approach easily causes injuries to the lumbar plexus. Lumbar plexus injuries which occur during anterior or transpsoas lumbar spine exposure and placement of instruments have been reported. This study aims is to provide more anatomical data and surgical landmarks in operations concerning the lumbar plexus in order to ...

Aim To describe a patient with lumbar angiolipoma mimicking schwannoma in the posterolateral side of the spinal canal with expansion of the left lumbar foramen and to discuss the clinical, radiologic, and surgical features of these lesions with literature. Methods Without language restriction in this paper, the electronic databases; The Cochrane Collaboration the Cochrane, The Cochrane Librar...

Spinal cord infarction following lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection is a rare and devastating complication. We describe the case of a 55-year-old woman who developed spinal cord infarction following right L2-3 transforaminal epidural injection, diagnosed on the basis of clinical and MR imaging findings. Spinal angiography demonstrated occlusion of the right L2 segmental artery wit...

background and aim: the researches show that athletes who compete in non–weight-bearing activities، such as swimming، typically show lower bmd in the lumbar spine and lower limb sites than athletes who perform weight-bearing activities. gravitational forces produce a passive mechanical effect that plays role in developing and maintaining of bone mass. the comparison on the bone mineral density ...

diabetes mellitus (dm) and osteoporosis are common diseases and their prevalence increases with age. several investigations have indicated that type 1 dm has a significant relationship with bone loss, whereas in type 2 diabetes, this relationship is controversial. therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between osteoporosis and type 2 dm in elderly people. this populat...

The title question is investigated by comparing results of a series of bone strength tests of lumbar vertebrae (L1 and L2) and right wrists (distal radii) of nine cadavers. The paper describes the specimen preparation, the testing, and the analysis procedures. The results show that there is a correlation between the strengths of the lumbar and wrist specimens for the individual cadavers, sugges...