This article assesses the financial contribution made by primary sector in terms of taxes paid. It also reports on some subsidies, concessions and other forms assistance that receives from government. We provide illustrative examples indirect subsidies to intensive farming. farmers being paid de-stock their land. In highlighting significant direct agriculture sector, concluding national local g...

The new technologies of surface irrigation require the adoption effective Laser-controlled precision land levelling (PLL) to reach high performance standards, with significant benefits on water saving, salinity control, crop productivity, and farmer’s income. This study aimed assess impacts PLL systems, focusing maize districts Hetao (China) Lower-Mondego (Portugal). experimental at field scale...

Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici) is one of the major soilborne diseases threatening many vegetable crops including squash. The disease results in severe epidemics and yield losses due to a rapid spread pathogen associated with wet weather soil waterlogging. Implementing drone-based spatial mapping software elevation tools can assist growers evaluating land levelling for uniform distri...

We have developed a new theory for correcting track irregularities by applying their restored waveforms and carried out experimental levelling and lining work. In this theory, the optimum shifting/lifting values are obtained as solutions for a typical quadratic programming problem. Restrictions on shifting rails are formulated as constraint conditions of the optimization problem. Furthermore, i...

W ith an ever-declining number of papers written in languages other than English, the idiom of Shakespeare is, today more than ever before, the international language of science [1,2]. In 2014, according to PubMed’s language filter, 95.4% of life science publications retrieved by the search engine were written in English, in line with the trend of the last several decades [1,2]. Today, among th...

Land leveling is one of the most important steps in soil preparation and cultivation. Although land leveling with machines requires considerable amount of energy, it delivers a suitable surface slope with minimal soil deterioration as well as damage to plants and other organisms in the soil. Notwithstanding, in recent years researchers have tried to reduce fossil fuel consumption and its delete...