The refrigeration and air conditioning industry shows much interest in environmentally-friendly natural refrigerants. One such refrigerant is R744, carbon dioxide. It is attractive because it is not toxic, not flammable, and is widely available as a byproduct of industrial processes. However, carbon dioxide (CO2) systems operate at much higher pressures than systems using HCFC, HFC, or HFC-blen...

Possibility of a system leakage in an air-conditioning system always exists. Once a leakage occurs refrigerant and oil escape from the system and compressor. This paper determines the characteristics of the losses. Two important factors affecting the loss characteristics are location of leakage in the system and speed ofleakage or leakage rate. This paper then reasons the tested actual loss cha...

Water loss in Water Distribution Systems (WDS) is now an issue of growing importance and greater efforts are being made to ensure the sustainability of these public services. In recent years the concept of Fixed Area and Variable Area Discharges (FAVAD) is the basis for several models developed to support the management and control of water losses. However, in many different real-world situatio...

Purpose Laparoscopic gastrectomy is accepted as a standard treatment for patients with early gastric cancer in Korea, Japan, and China. However, duodenal stump leakage remains a fatal complication after gastrectomy. We conducted a prospective phase II study to evaluate the safety of the new technique of laparoscopic reinforcement suture (LARS) on the duodenal stump. Materials and Methods The ...

The continuous operation of the transmission system is very important. For ensuring high levels of continuous operation it is not only important to select appropriate insulation withstand levels for various power apparatus, insulators etc., but it is also necessary to consider the pollution withstand levels for external insulation. Problems arise when the insulators, which are polluted and expo...

There is controversy as to whether platelet intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) is increased in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as compared with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Discrepant results may be due to methodological problems including platelet activation during the collection process and leakage of intracellular dye used for [Ca2+]i measurement. To provide further insight into this pro...

Procedures have been designed to test specimen containers for leakage, using blood and aqueous fluorescein solution as indicators. They have been used in a trial evaluation of a number of commercially available containers intended for medical specimens. Glass bijou bottles, evacuated container systems, and several types of plastic container showed no significant leakage rate with either blood o...

The major problems encountered in a reciprocating compressor are because of the valve failure .The other problem of leakage past the piston because of the worn out piston rings has also been placed in the reciprocating compressor. Pressure pulsations generated inside the piping of a reciprocating compressor may be taken as one of the tool for diagnosing the nature of fault inside the compressor...

In this paper, a circuit design method for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection is presented. It considers the gate floating state for ESD protection and negatively gate biased for leakage suppression under normal operations. The circuit is achieved by adding a switch device and a negatively biased circuit at the gate of ESD protection devices. Robustness and leakage of ESD protection circu...

We report the effect of chemical etching of p-GaN using molten KOH:NaOH solution on leakage currents, light output power, and electrostatic discharge ESD characteristics of GaN light-emitting diodes LEDs . Photoluminescence and capacitance–voltage measurement indicated that a deep donor–acceptor pair DDAP was densely concentrated near the p-GaN surface region 18 nm and the defects were effectiv...