BACKGROUND Caffeine is a widely used and accepted pharmacologically active substance. The effect of caffeine intake during pregnancy on fetal growth and development is still unclear. OBJECTIVE We examined the associations of maternal caffeine intake, on the basis of coffee and tea consumption, with fetal growth characteristics measured in each trimester of pregnancy and the risks of adverse b...

Hydrogen-assisted crack growth of pre-strained twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel was investigated using artificial defects (micro-drilled holes), which acted as initiation sites. Hydrogen introduced into the specimens by electrochemical hydrogen charging during slow strain rate tensile test. The quasi-cleavage propagation observed due to repeated near tip and subsequent coalescence. Crac...

Bangladesh is still a low urbanized country although it experienced a rising trend in the level of urbanization throughout the twentieth century and had a remarkably high urban growth immediately after its independence in 1971. The country recorded the highest ever annual average growth rate (9.04) and percentage of interval variation (137.57%) in an urban population in 1974; thereafter, growth...

recent experiment was performed in order to determine effects of dietary l-threonine supplementation levels in japanese quails’ diets on performance, reproductive and internal organs and feathers growth. one hundred and forty four, 1-d old japanese quails, have been selected and randomly distributed between six treatments and four replicates. basal experimental ration was based on wheat, withou...

this study was accomplished to investigate the effect of artemia urmiana nauplii enriched with pediococcus acidilactici as probiotic on growth performance and survival rate of great sturgeon, huso huso.  artemia nauplii were enriched with p. acidilactici at a final concentration of 1010 cfu ml-1 in three time dependent treatments as 3 h (t3), 6 h (t6), 9 h (t9), and one non-enriched artemia as ...

introduction climate change generally affect all economic sectors, but the agricultural sector is the most sensitive and vulnerable sector, because crops are highly dependent on climatic resource. according to the scientific evidences, climate change in the future, especially the combined effects of rising temperatures and rising co2 concentrations in the atmosphere and increase the likelihood ...

This study was conducted at Biology Department, Faculty of Science,Taif University, Saudi Arabia to investigate the effect of different salinity concentrations 8.6, 12.9, 17.2, 25.9, 34.5, 51.7, 86.2, 103.4 and 120.7 mM NaCl, beside control treatment (tap water) on growth parameters, leaf measurements and leaf chemical constituents of jojoba (Simmondsiachinensis (Link) Schneider). The results i...

BACKGROUND Growth failure in children less than five years old can lead to the serious complications such as increased mortality, learning difficulties or physical disability. The aim of this study was to investigate the nonorganic factors affecting the growth trend in less than two years children living in Zanjan, Iran. METHODS This longitudinal study was conducted on a sample of 3566 childr...