OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of aging, independent of parity, on pelvic organ and urethral support, urethral function, and levator function in a sample of nulliparous women. METHODS A cohort of 82 nulliparous women, aged 21-70 years, were recruited from the community through advertisements. Subjects underwent pelvic examination using pelvic organ prolapse quantification, urethral angles ...

Dermoid cyst is a type of choristoma that generally originates from a bony structure due to abnormal ectodermal sequestration during the course of development. Dermoid cysts can appear in any part of body but 7 percent occur in the head and neck. Its most common location is at the antero-lateral frontozygomatic suture, which is located above the superior orbital rim, followed by the superomedia...

PURPOSE To define the normal CT anatomy of the levator scapulae muscle and to report on a series of five patients who presented with a palpable mass in the posterior triangle due to asymmetry of the levator scapulae muscles. PATIENTS AND METHODS The contrast-enhanced CT examinations of the neck in 25 patients without palpable masses were reviewed to establish the normal CT appearance of the l...

OBJECTIVE We investigated the clinical anatomy of the levator ani nerve and its topographical relationship with the pudendal nerve. METHODS Ten female pelves were dissected and a pudendal nerve blockade was simulated. The course of the levator ani nerve and pudendal nerve was described quantitatively. The anatomical data were verified using (immuno-)histochemically stained sections of human f...

Blepharochalasis is an uncommon disorder distinguished by recurrent episodes of eyelid oedema in young patients. A hypertrophic form, manifested as fat herniation, and an atrophic form, manifested as fat atrophy, have been described. Ptosis with excellent levator function, laxity of the lateral canthal structures with rounding of the lateral canthal angle, nasal fat pad atrophy, and redundant e...

Purpose: The study aimed to show differences in temporal recovery of pelvic floor function within 6 months postpartum between women having their first delivery at an advanced age and those having their first delivery at a younger age. Methods: Seventeen women (age: 35.5 ± 3.5, BMI: 21.1 ± 3.2) were studied at about 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after vaginal delivery. Urinary incontinence was...

Repeated deliveries might disturb the levator function and increase defecation disorders. In this prospective study, we determined the electric activity of the levator ani muscle (LAM) in nullipara, multipara, grand multipara, and great grand multipara (20 subjects for each group). Multiparity, grand multiparity, and great grand multiparity were defined as women having 2 - 5, 6 - 9, and 10 and ...

The levator scapulae muscle typically runs from the transverse process of the atlas to the superior angle of the scapula. In this paper, we describe a rare finding identified during a dissection of a male cadaver, wherein a continuation of the right levator scapulae ran past its normal attachment to the C1 transverse process, fusing with the inferior attachment of the rectus capitis lateralis m...