the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (dllme) method for determination of pb +2 and cd +2 ions in the environmental water samples was combined with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (icp-aes). ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (apdc), chloroform and ethanol were used as chelating agent, extraction solvent and disperser solvent, respectively. some effective parame...

A dual frequency ground-based radiometer operating in the 1 to 1.4 cm wavelength range can provide continuous measurements of integrated water vapor and cloud liquid water. Using climatological data, the accuracy of the vapor and liquid determinations is estimated as a function of cloud amount. Limiting factors in the water determination are uncertainties in water vapor absorption coefficients ...

The mesophasic microreservoir comprises lyotrophic liquid crystals. The liquid crystals were prepared of Brij-35, cetosteryl alcohol and propranolol and evaluated for parameters viz. anisotropy, size and size distribution and drug entrapment efficiency. Subsequent to this liquid crystals based transdermal drug delivery system (TDS) was prepared by incorporating liquid crystals in previously pre...

We have investigated the phase behavior of self-assembled lyotropic liquid crystals (LC) formed by ternary mixtures of oleoylethanolamide (OEA), water and arginine. OEA, a natural analog of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide involved in the peripheral regulation of feeding, was selected as a main component due to its capacity to induce efficient decreases in food intake and gains in body mas...

The deposition of fog to a wind-exposed 3 m tall Puerto Rican cloud forest at 1010 m elevation was studied using the water budget and eddy covariance methods. Fog deposition was calculated from the water budget as throughfall plus stemflow plus interception loss minus rainfall corrected for wind-induced loss and effect of slope. The eddy covariance method was used to calculate the turbulent liq...

Because of their large grid-box size, global climate models do not explicitly represent small-scale processes occurring in cloud systems in the marine boundary layer. One such process, which is thought to have an important climatological effect, is the production of warm rain. Parameterizations of this process typically partition the liquid water into a cloud and a rain component. The rate of c...

1 2 A detailed model was formulated to describe the non-passive transport of water-soluble 3 chemicals in the unsaturated zone and used to illustrate one-dimensional infiltration and 4 redistribution of alcohol-water mixtures. The model includes the dependence of density, 5 viscosity, surface tension, molecular diffusion coefficient in the liquid phase, and gas-liquid 6 partition coefficient on...

The most important factor affecting the microwave proper-ties of a snowcover is the liquid water content (snow wetness). An FM-CW(26.5-40 GHz) radar has been used to investigate the influence of snowwetness on the magnitude of radar backscatter from a snowcover. Theradar backscatter measurements from a wet snowcover on a windy daysuggest that evaporative cooling due to the w...

Recent mathematical models treat a natural snow-pack as a mixture body consisting of solid ice grains, liquid water, and a gas made up of air and water vapour. Such a model requires two independent constitutive equations for the two independent volume fractions. However, so far only one equation, a power law relating the liquid-water content to capillary pressure, has been suggested, by analogy...

Abstract A detailed description is given of how the liquid water content (LWC) and ice (IWC) can be determined accurately absolutely from measured Raman spectra clouds. All instrumental spectroscopic parameters that affect accuracy water-content measurement are discussed quantified; specifically, these effective absolute differential backscattering cross section vapor , molecular efficiencies η...