We investigate the use of hierarchical phrase-based SMT lattices in end-to-end neural machine translation (NMT). Weight pushing transforms the Hiero scores for complete translation hypotheses, with the full translation grammar score and full ngram language model score, into posteriors compatible with NMT predictive probabilities. With a slightly modified NMT beam-search decoder we find gains ov...

The starred for-adverbial in (1a) reflects standard judgments: in the presence of a DP direct object like a cake—which following terminology by Borer (2005) is referred to here as a Q(uantity)-DP— with an incremental theme verb like eat, the VP is telic. In contrast, in (1b), with a mass noun direct object like cake—referred to here as a non-Q-DP—the VP is atelic. Although these are the pattern...

A language L ⊆ A∗ is literally idempotent in case that uav ∈ L if and only if uav ∈ L for each u, v ∈ A∗, a ∈ A. Such classes result naturally by taking all literally idempotent languages in a classical (positive) variety or by considering a certain closure operator. We initiate their systematic study. Various classes of such languages can be characterized using syntactic methods. A starting ex...

Hamlet: Has this fellow no feelings of his business, that he sings at grave-making? Horatio: Custom hath made it in him a property of easiness. (Hamlet Act V, scene i) Hamlet is appalled by the gravedigger's insensitivity towards death and corpses. Horatio explains that the gravedigger is so accustomed to such things that he no longer shares Hamlet's seriousness. We contend that human dissectio...