We read with interest the study by Christiansen and colleagues [1] in the previous issue of Critical Care. In a large cohort study, the authors report that among diabetic patients who are admitted to the ICU, the preadmission use of metformin is associated with a lower mortality rate. Here, we highlight that metformin limits ischemiareperfusion injury (IRI) and modulates inflammation by increas...

conclusions elevation of liver enzymes appears in 29 % obese children in a tertiary care centre. absolute alanine aminotransferase levels are significantly higher in obese than in overweight children. even obese children with normal liver enzymes show signs of fatty liver disease as demonstrated by liver enzymes at the upper limit of normal. results elevated alanine aminotransferase was observe...

background: recent studies demonstrated that resveratrol has many therapeutic effects on liver disorders. resveratrol significantly increased survival after liver transplantation, decreased fat deposition, necrosis, and apoptosis which induced by ischemia in wistar rats. it provided liver protection against chemical, cholestatic, and alcohol injury. resveratrol can improve glucose metabolism an...

Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are small, lipid-soluble gaseous autacoids that modulate numerous physiological processes. Historically, both gases were considered highly noxious environmental hazards having well-defined modes of toxicity: CO binds avidly to hemoglobin reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the protein leading to tissue hypoxia while H2S is a potent mitochondr...

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is an intrinsic phenomenon whereby 3~4 consecutive ischemia-reperfusion cycles to a remote tissue (noncardiac) increases the tolerance of the myocardium to sustained ischemiareperfusion induced injury. Remote ischemic preconditioning induces the local release of chemical mediators which activate the sensory nerve endings to convey signals to the brain. The...

introduction: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph) oxidase-2 (nox2) is one of the predominant sources of ros production during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and can be induced by angiotensin ii. the evidence suggests that pharmacological blockers of renin-angiotensin system can exert direct tissue effects independent of their ability to regulate blood pressure. the mechanism(s)...

EVEN BEFORE the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) was known to be nitric oxide (NO), it was recognized that it could be inactivated by the radical superoxide (O2 · ) (16). Once the EDRF was identified as NO, the chemistry underlying this phenomenon was obvious. Both NO and O2 · are radicals, and rapidly react with one another to form the strong oxidant peroxynitrite, which ultimately d...

Zou, Lei, Bashir Attuwaybi, and Bruce C. Kone. Effects of NKB inhibition on mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284: G713–G721, 2003. First published December 4, 2002; 10.1152/ ajpgi.00431.2002.—Mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury is a serious complication of shock. Because activation of nuclear factorB (NFB) has been implicated in this process, we...

however, history of liver transplantation has started in 1963, but after discovery of anti-rejection drugs such as cyclosporine in 1980s, this method has experienced. from 1984 more than 3000 patients underwent surgery and just 1680 patients in 66 liver transplantation centers have operated in 1988. every patient suffers from severe liver diseases and is in terminal stage of this disease, must ...

conclusions organ transplantation and treatment of transplanted patients with immunosuppressive drugs would prone them to various unusual infections. one of these is unusual primary involvement of liver by tuberculosis which has been extremely rare in the previous reports. introduction recipients of liver transplantation are prone to different types of infections such as tuberculosis (tb). case...