background: topical anesthesia has been widely advocated as an important component of atraumatic administration of intraoral local anesthesia. the aim of this study was to use direct observation of children’s behavioral pain reactions during local anesthetic injection using cotton-roll vibration method compared with routine topical anesthesia. materials and methods: forty-eight children partici...

Introduction: Although patients do not experience sever pain after laparoscopic surgery, most of them experience acute or chronic pain afterward. While conventional pain killers including NSAID and narcotics in laparoscopic surgery have specific side effects, their application is inevitable. This study compares the efficacy of local anesthetic drugs and conventional pain killers in post-operati...

abstractprevious studies have shown the role of opioid receptors located in the nucleus cuneiformis (cnf) in acute pain, but not in chronic pain models. in the present study, we have determined that possible effects of these receptors at the cnf on both early and late phases of formalin test following local and systemic morphine administration. each rat was given a subcutaneous 50-μl injection ...