Carbon steels are widely used in the oil and gas industry from downhole tubing to transport trunk lines. Microbes form biofilms, some of which cause the so-called microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of carbon steels. MIC by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) is often a leading cause in MIC failures. Electrogenic SRB sessile cells harvest extracellular electrons from elemental iron oxidati...

Austenitization is an inevitable occurrence during the heat treatment of steels. Despite this consideration, less attention has been paid so far to the study of the formation of austenite as compared with the vast amount of research on its decomposition. That is because the steel properties depend basically on the transformation processes following austenitization. However, the initial austenit...

The development of recrystallization textures in two low carbon steels used for deep drawing has been investigated through measurements of global textures (by X-Ray diffraction) and local orientations (by EBSD, Electron Back Scattering Diffraction). The global measurements allow a quantitative description of the recrystallization textures whereas the local measurements allow to identify some of...

Recent studies on TRIP-assisted multiphase steels have emphasised the drastic importance of the bainitic transformation in the optimisation of properties. Bainitic ageing is necessary for the stabilisation of austenite with respect to the martensitic transformation. This metastable retained austenite can still transform to martensite when plastically deformed (TRIP effect). The present work dea...

Experimental results and explanations for the transition temperature from upper to lower bainites in carbon steels containing from 0.20 to 1.80 wt%C were presented metallographically and kinematically. The experimental results are summarized as follows: I) Lower bainite is not formed in steels with less than 0.35 wt%C and no transition from upper to lower bainite occurs. 2) The transition tempe...

A transient finite-element model (CON2D) is applied to compute temperature, stress, and distortion of the steel shell during initial solidification. The model incorporates temperaturedependent properties, thermal shrinkage, phase transformations, and different elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equations for each phase (liquid, d, and c). The effects of sudden metal level fluctuations are simula...

Presented here is a method to analyze carbon content in low alloy and carbon steels, utilizing the technique of handheld laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (HH LIBS). The method specifies the SciAps Z-200, the world’s only handheld analyzer capable of analyzing carbon content in alloys. The Z-200 uses a pulsed, 1064 nm laser, operating at 5.5 mJ/pulse and 50 Hz repetition rate. The onboard sp...