This paper shows how the exposure of the Moon to the Earth’s plasmasheet is subject to decadal variations due to lunar precession. The latter is a key property of the Moon’s apparent orbit around the Earth – the nodes of that orbit precess around the ecliptic, completing one revolution every 18.6 years. This precession is responsible for a number of astronomical phenomena, e.g. the year to year...

On 14 September 2007, the first Japanese large-scaled lunar explorer “Kaguya” (SELENE), developed by JAXA (Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency) was launched. Kaguya successfully reached moon in October 2007, and started nominal operation from 21 December 2007, As of the end of April 2008, Kaguya is conducting lunar surface observation from lunar polar orbit. Kaguya will acquire large amount ...

The paper researched and presented a virtual simulation system based on a full-digital lunar terrain, integrated with kinematics and dynamics module as well as autonomous navigation simulation module. The system simulation models are established. Enabling technologies such as digital lunar surface module, kinematics and dynamics simulation, Autonomous navigation are investigated. A prototype sy...

The environment on the lunar surface poses some difficult challenges to building long-term lunar bases; therefore, scientists and engineers have proposed the creation of habitats using lunar building materials. These materials must meet the following conditions: be resistant to severe lunar temperature cycles, be stable in a vacuum environment, have minimal water requirements, and be sourced fr...

More than 130 lunar meteorites have been found in Antarc-tica and other arid regions throughout the world. Even though nearly half of all lunar meteorites are paired falls and the location from which they were launched is unknown, they sample a more extensive area of lunar crust than manned sample returns, thereby providing a vital record of lunar crust materials. To use lunar meteorites to exp...

Introduction: Japanese lunar orbiter Kaguya (SELENE) has been successfully launched from Tanagashima Space Center TKSC on September 14, 2007. On October 4 the Kaguya has been inserted into large elliptical orbit circulating the Moon. After lowering the apolune altitudes the Kaguya has reached the nominal observation orbit with 100 km circular and polar on October 19. On the way to nominal orbit...

A total number of 136 pregnant ewes with the same age and parity were used in the present study. The experimental ewes reared during Arabic months or lunar months, from the 1 Gomady to Zol-hega, 1432 AH. The available data for each animal were obtained from the records of Sheep Farm, Project of Experimental Farms. Lambing season started at months, Shawal to Zol-hega. After lambing, the ewes wer...

The Moon was thought to be anhydrous since the Apollo era1, but this view has been challenged by detections of water on the lunar surface2–4 and in volcanic rocks5–9 and regolith10. Part of this water is thought to have been brought through solarwind implantation2–4,7,10 and meteorite impacts2,3,7,11, long after the primary lunar crust formed from the cooling magma ocean12,13. Here we show that...

Lunar samples are not readily available for In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) studies, necessary for preparations for a return to the Moon with landers, robots, and astronauts. Lunar soil simulants have been produced as substitutes for the real thing; BUT how good are they? JSC-1 and 1A were produced only to approximate the geotechnical properties of lunar soil, with its natural glassy compon...

Background: Osteoporosis is one of the most common problems in the women, especially after menopause and at the old age. Bone densitometry of vertebrae of lumbar region and femoral neck is a non invasive and precise method for evaluation of bone mass density (BMD) and determination of fracture risk. Materials and Method: from different districts of Ahvaz city, more than 300 healthy men and wo...