We attempted a complete review of the empirical literature on effects of roads and traffic on animal abundance and distribution. We found 79 studies, with results for 131 species and 30 species groups. Overall, the number of documented negative effects of roads on animal abundance outnumbered the number of positive effects by a factor of 5; 114 responses were negative, 22 were positive, and 56 ...

Road safety index is an important indicator that has been recently introduced as a useful tool to measure the quality of life in many countries and cities. Road safety index is a complex index and it has at least three main components, including road user behavior, vehicle safety, and road infrastructure effects. Many researchers have selected studying road performance from road safety index pe...

We describe the algorithms we have developed to automatically generate street networks and building plots in the automatic procedural creation of a realistic city. Our system first sites the important regions of a city, such as the commercial center, historical center, and residential areas. Then, a network of freeway and main roads are built. Finally, a network of streets are built throughout ...

Ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter < 100 nm) exposure has already been associated with adverse effects on human health. Spatial distribution of UFP is non-uniform; they concentrate in the vicinity of the source, e.g. traffic, because of their short lifespan. This work investigates spatial distribution of UFP in three areas in the Czech Republic with different traffic load: High traffic (Prague ...

In preschool children, exposure to traffic-related emissions is associated with increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms [1–3] and, in school-aged children, with reduced lung function growth [4]. However, to date, the association between air pollution and preschool lung function remains unclear. In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the effects of residential proximity to main roads a...

We developed a model to quantify the effect of factors influencing the spatio-temporal distribution of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Tanzania. The land area of Tanzania was divided into a regular grid of 20 km × 20 km cells and separate grids constructed for each of the 12-month periods between 2001 and 2006. For each year, a cell was classified as either FMD positive or negative dependent on...

An important aspect of area-wide traffic calming concepts is the integration of major urban roads, because 70 to 80 percent of all urban accidents occur on major roads. Traffic calming which is primarily based on the locational shift to such main thoroughfares is socially injust, because -in spite of all disturbances on those streets about one quarter of the urban population live there. Social ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the incidence of HIV-1 infection and the genetic complexity of HIV-1 strains in 2 geographic strata within Rakai District, Uganda. METHODS Study volunteers with recent HIV-1 infections during the period 1997 through 2003 were recruited from 10 communities that were geographically stratified as a main road trading center (n = 5) or a secondary roa...