background: diminished libido and sexual dysfunction are unusually common among male epileptic patients. the most important etiologic factor may be antiepileptic drugs (aeds)-induced androgen deficiency. we compared reproductive hormone levels among men with epilepsy taking various aeds and normal controls. methods: subjects were 59 male epileptic patients who aged 24 ± 5 years. they had been r...

Androgens are steroid hormones that play key roles in the development and maintenance of male phenotype and reproductive function. These hormones also affect the function of several non-reproductive organs, such as bone and skeletal muscle. Endogenous androgens exert most of their effects by genomic mechanisms, which involve hormone binding to the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated tran...

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), beta-endorphin, and the melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSHs), which are products of a common precursor, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are present in a variety of tissues other than pituitary. The recent detection of immunoreactive POMC-derived peptides in the male reproductive tract raised the possibility that these hormones might regulate reproductive function. To ...

Three experiments were conducted to test whether testicular hormones secreted during puberty masculinize and defeminize the expression of adult reproductive behavior. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that gonadal hormones during puberty masculinize behavioral responses to testosterone (T) in adulthood. Male hamsters were castrated either before puberty (noTduringP) or after puberty (TduringP)...

Background Nonyl phenol (NP) is a degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates, which are widely used in the production of industrial and consumer surfactants. NP a Kind of environmental chemical, is thought to imitate endogenous hormones, inhibit the actions of hormones, and induce reproductive abnormalities. In this study, evaluation of Nonyl phenol toxic effects on reproductive system ...

Testosterone and estrogen are no longer considered male only and female only hormones. Both hormones are important in both sexes. It was known as early as the 1930's that developmental exposure to a high dose of estrogen causes malformation of the male reproductive tract, but the early formative years of reproductive biology as a discipline did not recognize the importance of estrogen in regula...

Flowering plants form male reproductive cells (microsporocytes) during sporophytic generation, which subsequently differentiate into multicellular male gametes in the gametophytic generation. The tapetum is a somatic helper tissue neighboring microsporocytes and supporting gametogenesis. The mechanism controlling the specification of the tapetum and microsporocyte cell fate within the anther ha...