We describe here a new species of the bovid Criotherium, from the late Miocene of Bulgaria. The genus was previously known to definitely occur only in Samos (Greece) and Kemiklitepe (Western Turkey), with the single species C. argalioides. The new species, C. nikolovi, is more primitive than the latter, although both are probably contemporaneous, suggesting the occurrence of two lineages in the...

Social Behavior of Captive Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs (Mammalia, Rodentia) with Changing Numbers of Observers. Eltorai A. E. M., Sussman R. W. – Black-tailed prairie dogs Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord, 1815) are diurnal rodents that live in intricate cities. Their social complexity rivals that of some primates, and, in some respects, resembles the behavior of humans. Due to the rich variety of readi...

A fossil specimen of Anthracokeryx naduongensis (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Anthracotheriidae, Microbunodontinae) discovered in the middle/upper Eocene Na Duong Formation at Coal Mine northeastern Vietnam is described. The a left mandibular fragment preserving p3-m3. It characterized by an association features that observed A. naduongensis, including small size relative to most other anthracotheri...

Cubozoans (box jellyfish) undergo remarkable body reorganization throughout their life cycle when, first, they metamorphose from swimming larvae to sessile polyps, and second, through the metamorphosis from sessile polyps to free swimming medusae. In the latter they develop complex structures like the central nervous system (CNS) and visual organs. In the present study several aspects of cell p...

Vaccination is the injection of antigenic material, such as pathogen derived foreign proteins and toxic adjuvants into the body, to initiate a “learned” immune system response in order to prevent particular diseases. Memory T cells (cell-mediated immunity) and Memory B cells (humoral-mediated immunity) learn to respond more quickly and strongly to specific infectious agents. B lymphocyte cell r...

The Kudaro Paleolithic site complex in Southern Ossetia includes five species of felids: Panthera onca gombaszoegensis, P. spelaea, P. pardus, Felis silvestris and possibly Lynx lynx. The fossil jaguar P. onca gombaszoegensis was identified from the lowest stratigraphic level of the Middle Pleistocene (Likhvian = Holsteinian Interglacial). Remains of P. pardus and Felis silvestris were recovere...