Primary care physicians in Germany are essential participants in infectious disease surveillance through mandatory reporting. Feedback on such surveillance should reflect the needs and attitudes of these physicians. These issues were investigated in a questionnaire survey among 8,550 randomly sampled physicians in Germany in 2001. Of the 1,320 respondents, 59.3% claimed not to have received any...

Adam Graycar Director There is a widely held belief that the imposition of a mandatory sentence for a second or third offence will have a significant deterrent effect on that individual and will send a message to potential offenders. Advocates argue that it will bring consistency in sentencing and appease public concern about crime and punishment. This proposition has been debated vigorously in...

Mandatory access control models have traditionally been employed as a robust security mechanism in multilevel security environments such as military domains. In traditional mandatory models, the security classes associated with entities are context-insensitive. However, context-sensitivity of security classes and flexibility of access control mechanisms may be required especially in pervasive c...

haemoplasmas contain eperythrozoon and haemobartonella species, which are widespread causes of animal and human infections. these obligatory cell parasites were previously known as hemobartonella; now hemotropic mycoplasmas. these bacteria are identified by the lack of cell wall and their small genome. the usual diameter is between 0.3 and1μm. mycoplasmasarepolymorphic and seen in circular or b...