the emergence and the development of the economic, social and political institutions of eu, all aimed to boarder and deeper the european integration (ei), are provided a valuable site for the conceptualization of the ei. an understanding of the development of eu studies as an academic sub discipline is best developed through the explanation of theoretical work, past and present. heoretical stud...

BACKGROUND Diplomatic organizations routinely send staff to high-threat postings (HTPs) and consequentially have moral and legal obligations to protect their health as far as is reasonably practicable. AIMS To carry out an international survey of diplomatic organizations that send personnel to HTPs to establish how they deal practically with their obligations to protect the mental health of t...

“Solar Activity” is a rather vague term. Thanks to cosmogenic isotopes we have some “visions” of “solar activity” in recent millennia (Usoskin, 2013). The most striking of these “visions” of solar activity is that the Sun may be in a “normal” state, or in two states named grand solar maximum or minimum (Usoskin et al., 2014). Obviously, we think that if the Sun is in a state of grand maximum (m...

background: back and shoulder pain are most common musculoskeletal disorders in students, that the way of sitting or interactions with academic equipment is a major risk factor for these disorders.  the aims of this study is redesign and construct a prototype of painting chair (kharak) by using industrial design and ergonomic methods to reduce musculoskeletal disorders and increase user satisfa...

Aims. Using a reconstruction of sunspot numbers stretching over multiple millennia, we analyze the statistics of the occurrence of grand minima and maxima and set new observational constraints on long-term solar and stellar dynamo models. Methods. We present an updated reconstruction of sunspot number over multiple millennia, from C data by means of a physics-based model, using an updated model...

Universal access to the WWW has made security a top issue. New problems have arisen in areas such as legally mandated privacy policies and protecting intellectual property. Collaborative arrangements need to be created and ended, rapidly. Systems architectures have become far more complex, so data requires protection in documents, messaging systems, and application servers. Most crucially, ther...

Note. This original form of this rebuttal was submitted to Science on 3 March 2017 (limited to 300 words as per Science editorial policy) but rejected on 13 March 2017. Herein, we elaborate on our original Science submission in order to more fully address the issue without the length limitations. This rebuttal is followed by the list of the signatories who supported our original submission.