The intramolecular Pd(II)-catalysed carbonylation of aminoalkenitol was used as a key step in the short racemic syntheses of the ladybird beetle alkaloids calvine and epicalvine. The title compounds have been prepared in 26% overall yield over four steps starting from hexanal and pentenyl bromide. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (+)-Calvine 1 and (+)-2-epicalvine 2 are bicyclic piperidi...

the spherical mealybug (nipaecoccus viridis newsted) is one of the most harmful pest of citrus, oleander and mulberry in green space of shiraz region. this study was carried out to detect the population dynamics of this pest and the role of biotic and abiotic factors on it in 2007-2008. the spherical mealybug, in both years, started its activity from early may on citrus and oleander trees, but ...

Delottococcus aberiae De Lotto (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a mealybug of Southern African origin that has recently been introduced into Eastern Spain. It causes severe distortions on young citrus fruits and represents a growing threat to Mediterranean citrus production. So far, biological control has proven unsatisfactory due to the absence of efficient natural enemies in Spain. Hence, the m...

The biological control agent and alien invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) was recorded for the first time in Kenya, and in equatorial Africa, in 2010.

This paper presents a novel biologically inspired metaheuristic algorithm called seven-spot ladybird optimization (SLO). The SLO is inspired by recent discoveries on the foraging behavior of a seven-spot ladybird. In this paper, the performance of the SLO is compared with that of the genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and artificial bee colony algorithms by using five numerical ben...

the susceptibility of the ladybird chilocorus bipustulatus (l.) to different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) of volk oil was studied. the 0.5% concentration was found to be harmless, while the 1.0% and 1.5% concentrations were slightly harmful. the adult males and females as well as the 3rd instar larvae of ladybird's mean feeding on aonidiella orientalis (newstead) were about 6.15, 6...

The Adonis ladybird, Hippodamia variegataGoeze (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is known as an important predator of the Common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Despite using the selective pesticides to manage the pests in the pistachio orchards, these chemicals have influenced non-target organisms like predators and parasitoids. ...

The cocoa mealybug, Exallomochlus hispidus Morrison (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is known to attack mangosteen, an important fruit export commodity for Indonesia. The mealybug is polyphagous, so alternative host plants can serve as a source of nourishment. This study aimed to record the bionomics of E. hispidus on mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) and three alternative hosts, kabocha squash (C...

The mealybug Ferrisia gilli Gullan is a serious new pest of pistachios in California. It was first found near the town of Tulare in the late 1990s and has since spread to orchards in most pistachio-producing regions of the state. The seasonal phenology of F. gilli was evaluated in a commercial pistachio orchard in Tulare County during 2005 and 2006. During both seasons E gilli overwintered as s...

The vine mealybug (VM), Planococcus ficus (Signoret), is an Afrotropical species, whose worldwide populations probably originated from the Mediterranean basin. It was introduced to the Americas during the second half of the 20th century (Ben-Dov 1994; Gill 1994). Until the early 1980s, this pest was frequently misidentified as the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), as both Planoccocus ...