The effective earth radius can transform the curved ray path into a straight line, and modified refractive index spherical ground plane. Using them simplify propagation modeling of electromagnetic waves in atmosphere, so they are widely used calculation long-range wave, adopted by ITU Recommendations IEEE Standards. In this paper, upon employing simple geometric methods, we provide general form...

High resolution images obtained with the Arecibo radar system at a wavelength of 12.6 centimeters reveal numerous parallel 10to 20-kilometer-wide bands of high radar backscatter situated on and oriented parallel to the major mountain ranges of the Ishtar Terra region of Venus. Geometric and morphological characteristics suggest that the bands represent Earth-like tectonic deformational features...

The earth-atmosphere stray light can lower contrast ratio and SNR of spatial optical remote sensors, or even fail the system at certain conditions. Errors in the calculation of the stray light illuminance based on point source are very large, for the satellite’s altitude is only several hundred kilometers and far less than the radius of the earth. This paper proposed a stray light illuminance c...

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is a direct probe of size and concentration of nano-scale defects in materials, because it is very sensitive to electron density. The lifetime of positron ( ) and its intensity (I) can be used to characterize the defects concentration. In the present work, PALS has been applied to measure the variation of positron lifetime parameters for polycr...

When viewed from the stern, a ship's turbulent wake appears as a narrow strip of bubble-whitened water converging toward the horizon. The wake does not reach a sharp point on the horizon but has a finite angular width, indicating that the Earth is not flat, but rather round. A simple analysis of the geometry of the observations shows that the radius of the Earth can be estimated using only simp...

The investigation of Scharzschild solution using new one transform leads to the spherical solution of light path. Spherical solution forms space-time wormhole with finite throat. It was shown that wormhole throat diameter could by manipulated by changing value of Schwarzschild radius. Using symmetric formulation of Maxwell’s equations one can obtain the physical time negative solution. Detailed...